Correct Answer: B. state

Explanation

The association of the government and the governed is commonly referred to as the State. A state is a political entity represented by its government and population.

Correct Answer: B. unitary system of government

Explanation

The following are some basic characteristics of a unitary state

(a) The central government not only has the power to dissolve the subordinate levels it has created, it can equally modify or reduce the powers given to them.

(b) The subordinate levels are created as agents of the center to administer the local areas on behalf of the centre and to also convey the wishes of the people in the local areas to the center where real power lies.

(c) A unitary government may either operate a unicameral or bicameral legislature. For example Ghana and Britain are unitary states, with the former operating a unicameral while the latter a bicameral legislature.

Correct Answer: A. political culture

Explanation

a.(i). Citizenship can be acquired by birth i.e, born by parents who are citizens of the country/state.

(ii). Citizenship can be acquired by naturalization; a citizen of another country can apply for citizenship of another country , where he/she resides.

(iii). Citizenship by registration i.e, through marriage.

(iv). Citizenship by descent or when grandparents claimed to have migrated from somewhere.

(v). Adoption through legal process.

(vi). Honorary / conferment by the state.

(vii). Conquest through wars and subjugations.

(viii). Foundling; this citizenship involves rescueing of children on the streets.

b.(i) The alien must have good character or of good reputation.

(ii). The alien must have married a citizen for not less than a period of 5 years.

(iii). he/she must have lived in the country for a very long period of time which may range from 15-20 years.

(iv). The alien must have renounced his/her former nationality.

(v). The applicant for citizenship must take the oath of allegiance

(vi). He/she must be of a matured age i.e. eighteen (18) years.

(vii). The alien must be capable of contributing meaningfully to the advancement and progress of the country.

(viii). He/she must be acceptable to the locality where he/she is residing.

Explanation

(a) The other name for political sovereignty is popular sovereignty and it is the supreme power of the people to decide the type of government they desire. This decision of the people is exercised through the ballot. It gives them a free hand to decide those capable of representing them in government by transfering the powers they have to them. Legal sovereignty on the other hand is the power exercised by a body in a state. This body is the Parliament. The parliament only has the power to make laws. So, legal sovereignty is with the Parliament. The parliament also has the power to amend the constitution.

(b). Factors that limit the Sovereignty of a Government include:

(i)The constitution: The supremacy of the constitution makes it possible for all institutions in the state to have their powers limited by the constitution. The law of the land should be above everybody in a state.

(ii)Membership of international organisation:As long as countries belong to international organisations, e.g. U.N.O., 0.A.U., ECOWAS, limitations are.placed on the sovereignty of these countries. It is incumbent on them to abide by the policies of these organisations and rules governing them.

(iii)Public opinion:Public opinion has the capacity to check and control the excesses of the powers of government.

(iv) International laws: States have to abide by international laws and conventions. So these laws place limitations on the sovereignty of states.

(v)Foreign aids:Some poor nations of the world receive aids e.g. military, economic aids etc. of different types from developed countries, It is possible for these donor countries to dictate the economic policies of these poor countries.

(vi)The influence of super powers: The West or the East has very strong influence over weaker or smaller countries. The external policies of these weak and small countries are made in line with the influence of these super powers.

(vii)The Military take-over of government:This tends to limit the sovereignty of states. The suspension of the constitution after forceful take-over of power affects the location of sovereignty in a state.

(viii)Delegation of power in modern government: In modern states, powers are transferred or delegated to some other bodies or organisations. For example, the transfer of lawmaking from parliament to other bodies, e.g. NEPA, limits the sovereign power of the parliament.

Correct Answer: B. homogenous population

Correct Answer: C. imperialism

Explanation

The French and British colonial policies were different in many ways, but both were forms of imperialism, which is the policy or ideology of extending a nation's rule over foreign nations. The other options are areas where the French and British colonial policies differed.

Correct Answer: C. making of laws

Explanation

Major functions of modern government include (1) foreign diplomacy (2) making laws (3) maintenance of domestic order (4) administration of justice (5) protection of civil liberties (6) provision for and regulation of the conduct of periodic elections (7) provision for public goods and services (8) military defense

Correct Answer: D. sovereignty

Correct Answer: B. Javier Perez de Cuellar