Correct Answer: A. Desire for a union

Explanation

Conditions for the formation of a federation 1.Desire for Union 2.Geographical Vicinity 3.Affinity in Language, Religion, Culture and Economic Interests 4.Equal Strength of the Federating Units 5.Political Competence

Correct Answer: D. arbitrariness

Explanation

Baron de Montesquieu in in his book titled '' The Spirit of the Laws, argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. Thii=s is to prevent cases like arbitrariness. Arbitrariness; is the quality of being based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.

Correct Answer: A. aristocracy

Correct Answer: B. voting at elections

Explanation

(a) Right of citizens are legal claims or entitlements, which every citizen enjoys in a country and which the state has duty to protect and guarantee.

(b)(i)The constitution: The entrenchment of fundamental human rights of citizens in the Constitution is a way of safeguarding their rights, e.g., right to life, freedom, property etc.

(ii) Existence of the principle of the rule of law: The government under the principle of the rule of law has an obligation to ensure the existence of civil liberties and equality of all citizens.

(iii) Independence of the judiciary: For citizens to enjoy their rights, the judiciary should be free from the interference and control of both the executive and legislature.

(iv) Freedom of the press: The press should be free to serve as the watchdog for the rights of the citizens.

(v) Activities of the opposition: The opposition, whether in government or outside it, is a powerful instrument for protecting the rights of the citizens. It makes government to be on its toes as per the rights of citizens.

(vi) Consciousness and vigilance of citizens over their rights. The people must be vigilant so as to be able to protect their rights

(vii) Establishment of Human Rights Commissions e.g. Ombusman / Public Complaints Commission.

(viii) Respect for international conventions on human rights of citizens

(ix) Provision of legal aid to indigent or disabled members of the society to ensure their protection from injustice.

(x) Provision of social and economic facilities e.g. Schools, Hospitals and employment opportunities to ensure the well-being of citizens.

(xi) Proper enforcement of law and order by the security agencies and community.

(xii) Adherence to the doctrine of separation of power with effective checks and balances. This is intended to avoid undue interferences and abuse of power.

Correct Answer: C. accused must receive fair hearing

Explanation

Not available

Correct Answer: B. Political office holders

Correct Answer: B. autocracy

Correct Answer: D. Ethiopia and Somalia

Correct Answer: B. Academic Journals

Explanation

Academic Journals are not a source of public opinion. They are scholarly publications that focus on academic or scientific research, and while they may contain articles that analyze public opinion, they are not themselves a source of public opinion. Public opinion is typically gauged through methods like opinion polls, social media analysis, and the platforms of political parties.