Correct Answer: A. Macpherson Constitution

Correct Answer: D. activities for making and enforcing laws in a state

Explanation

Government As A Process Or The Art Of Governing. Government is referred to as an art of governing because it is a body vested with the supreme power of the affairs of a state. A government is vested with the power of maintaining peace and security by putting in place machinery for that purpose.

Correct Answer: A. expand its economic and political base

Correct Answer: B. divides the country into factions

Correct Answer: D. have similar interests

Explanation

A pressure group is an organisation which attempts to influence government policies through protests and demonstrations. Pressure groups are formed when people with similar opinions get together for similar objectives and interest.

Correct Answer: B. Succession is hereditary

Explanation

(a)Sovereignty is the power of the state to make and enforce laws with all the coercive powers it cares to employ without being bound by any external influence.

(b) The factors that limit the Sovereignty of a state are:

(i) Resources: Lack of human and material resources may put restraints on the exercise of state authority.

(ii) Pressure group activity: Pressure groups and certain individuals need to be consulted before the enactment and implementation of laws in the state without which they can influence the public for non- compliance.

(iii)The constitution: The constitution formally creates the state and defines the various powers to be exercised as well as their limitations.

(iv)The electorate: The electorates can check the excesses of the government through elections.

(v) International laws and membership of international organisations: States accept limitation on their sovereignty when they become members of international organisations like the U.N.O, O.A.U., ECOWAS as they have to comply with the laws and resolutions of these organisations.

(vi) Public opinion: International and local public opinions may prevent or control a country or state from taking an action, e.g. fear of sanctions and embargoes.

(vii)Customs and traditions: Customs and traditions of the people are taken into consideration when making law and this affects the sovereignty of the state.

(viii)Coup d'etat: This may erode popular sovereignty.

(ix)Types of governmental power: Sovereignty is better exercised under a unitary government than in federal and confederal systems.

Correct Answer: C. serves as an instrument of national integration

Explanation

(a) Fundamental Human Rights are inalienable freedoms and privileges that individuals are entitled to in a State e.g. right to life, right to fair hearing, right to freedom of movement, etc.

(b)(i) Entrenchment of Fundamental Human Rights in the State's constitution.

(ii) Existence of an impartial, free and independent judiciary.

(iii) Enactment of laws that protect the rights of individuals.

(iv) The existence of a free and independent media.

(v) Citizens must be educated to be able to defend their rights.

(vi) Public opinion must be effectively used to protect any violation of the rights of the citizens.

(vii) Existence of institutions such as the Ombudsman and the Public Complains Commission.

(viii) Respect for the rule of law.

(ix) Respect for international laws and conventions.

(ix) Provision of free legal aid.

(xi) Adherence to the doctrine of Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances.

Explanation

(a) Feudalism was a socio-political and economic system that existed during the middle ages which was based on land ownership between the lords and the serfs.

(b)(i) The system weakened the sovereignty of the state, since every lord wielded some political power.

(ii) There were constant wars among the lords for the search for more territories.

(iii) The system was exploitative. The slaves/serfs/vassals and peasants were used and dumped.

(iv) It encouraged injustice. The lord presided over disagreements between himself and the land tenants.

(v) The system encouraged domination. It produced very powerful lords who controlled and dictated the socio-economic and political lives of the tenants.

(vi) There was no security of land ownership. The land being worked upon by a peasant or slave could be taken away from him and given to another or the lord could lose it because of war.

(vii) The system did not encourage personal initiative and creativity. The tenants were not allowed to think out better ways of doing things but made to dance to the dictates of the lords.

(viii) The system was undemocratic. The tenants were not allowed to choose their leaders.