Correct Answer: D. 6,70km

Correct Answer: C. Gold in Witwatersrand

Explanation

(a) Causes of air pollution

(i) Industrial wastes and fumes

(ii) Fumes from exhaust of vehicles and aero planes

(iii) Fumes from minerals works

(iv) Emission of smoke to the atmosphere

(b) Effects of Air Pollution

(i) It may increase or decrease temperature

(ii) Destruction of the ozone layer

(iii) It causes health hazards, e.g lung diseases

(iv) It may cause accident as a result of poor visibility

(c) Ways of controlling air pollution

(i) Education on waste disposal

(ii) Monitoring of air pollution

(iii) Improved technology, e.g waste recycling

(iv) Government legislation on air pollution

Correct Answer: A. zaira (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Correct Answer: C. Sudan

Explanation

(ai) Characteristic features of Conurbation are:

- it is an urban settlement

- two or more large cities/towns merge to form Conurbation

- the big cities are merged together by rapid population growth and physical

expansion but with different identities

- the cities retain their distinct identities

- the big cities are linked by efficient transportation system/network

- the big cities form one large market for industries, trade and transport

- it is a continuous built-up area

- has a high population density

- Its population is much greater than that of the nearby towns

- it has various industries operating in it

- It relies on the reserves of labour, excellent transport, Medicare, etc

- conurbation serves as a shopping centre due to the cheap and excellent transport facilities

- it has a unique financial strength

- Examples: Lagos, Accra, Ruhr Valley, Serreaunda, Monrovia, Tokyo, etc

(aii) Characteristic features of Megapolis are:

- it is also called megalopolis/mega city/supper city

- the highest category of settlement

- has large territories consisting of great conurbations

- it is highly urbanized region

- a very large city with population of more than 10 million inhabitants

- an urban complex

- linked with communication/transport networks

- continuous built-up area

- Examples: North East USA, New Delhi, Cairo, Lagos, etc

(b)

Most settlements now are multi-functional. This means they perform a range of functions. However, some may be more important than others. For instance, a tourist town such as Whitby, will perform all sorts of functions including fishing and retail, but its main ones are concentrated towards the tourists.

When settlements first formed they often had one main function. These functions included:

• port – This was the original function of settlements such as Liverpool and Hull. Both are still ports but the importance of the port has reduced and they are now multifunctional settlements.
• market town – Originally, Watford was a market town. The market continues today but the area is now a multifunctional centre.
• resort – Coastal locations such as Blackpool, Southport and Scarborough benefit from tourism, their main function is as a coastal resort.
• Natural resources in the area led to Sheffield developing as an important centre for iron and steel production. Although the iron and steel industry has declined over time the city is now multifunctional.

Correct Answer: D. yardang

Correct Answer: B. population and function

Correct Answer: C. a conurbation

Correct Answer: A. size of the country