Correct Answer: D. pH

Explanation

(a)(i) Parasitism; is a feeding relationship or association between two organisms, in which the parasite lives in or on the body of the host, deriving benefit from and causing harm to it while the host loses in the process.

(ii) Commensalism; is a relationship or an association between two organisms of different species, in which one, the commensal benefits or gains while the other, the host, is not adversely or significantly affected in any way, i.e., it is not harmed, neither loses gains.

(b)(i)Fungal parasites of host plants include; (a) Ustilago on maize (b) Puccinia on maize,wheat or barley (c) Phytophthora palmivora on cocoa (d) Phytophthora infestans on tomato/potato (e) Alternario on tomato.

(ii) Bacterial parasites of humans include;

(a) Clostridium tetani - (tetanus;)

(b) Neisseria - (Gonorrhaea;)

(c) Mycobacterium - (Tuberculosis and leprosy;)

(d) Vibrio cholerae -(Cholera;)

(e) Salmonella paratyphi typhi (typhoid)

(f) Escherichia coli (dysentery).

(c)(i) Symptoms of malaria are;

(a) high fever or high temperature

(b) loss of appetite

(c) pains at the joints

(d) headache

(f) rigour or shivering

(g) stomach cramps

(h) dizziness

(i) vomiting co weakness or tiredness.

(ii) To control malaria

(a) treat the patient with curative drugs, e.g. chloroquin, cannoquin

(b) use anti-malaria drugs

(c) prophylactic drugs, e.g. daraprim

(d) sleep under mosquito net

(e) use screen wire net houses, windows and doors against mosquitoes to apply mosquito repellent balms

(g) burn mosquito coils or spray room with insecticides

(h) drain or avoid stagnant water bodies, bury or recycle empty cans

(i) burn herbs or plant materials, e.g. lemon grass.

(j) spray stagnant water with oil

(k) clear the bushes around the house by using predators, e.g. introducing fish to eat up mosquito larvae.

(m) educate or enlighten the public or community on the control of mosquito

Correct Answer: C. III

Explanation

(a)(1) Functions of typical foliage leaf are:

-Respiration

-Excretion

-Exchange of gases

-Photosynthesis/manufacture of food

-Transpiration.

(ii) The following are the modifications of leaves and their examples:

(1) For (Food) storage; Onion, Garlic,

(2) Leaf tendrils; Gloriosa

(3) Leaf spines; Cactus, Opuntial Euphorbia,

(4) Leaf Hooks; Bignonia

(5) Vegetative propagation; Bryophyllum

(6)Animal traps; Venus flytrap, Nepenthes/ pitcher plants, Uticularia/ Bladderworts, Sundew, Butterwort, Pinguicula

(7) Protective scale leaves; Onions, Shallots, Canna

(b) Female reproductive part of a flowering plant

(c) Plants pollinated by insects include: Cow pea Nigna unguiculata, Hibiscus, Crotolaria, Flamboyant, Butterfly pea/ Clitoria ternatea, Orchid, Sunflower.

Correct Answer: D. Oesophagus, pancreas, and small intestine

Correct Answer: A) Salt marsh

Explanation

In this question, we are being asked to identify the ecosystem with the lowest primary productivity per square meter. Primary productivity refers to the rate at which plants in an ecosystem produce organic compounds through photosynthesis. Out of the options given, the correct answer is Option A: Salt marsh. Salt marshes are coastal ecosystems that are characterized by a high level of salinity due to regular flooding by seawater. The high salinity makes it difficult for plants to thrive, resulting in a low primary productivity per square meter. In contrast, the other options have higher primary productivity per square meter. For example, tropical rainforests have the highest primary productivity, while grasslands and coral reefs also have relatively high levels of primary productivity. Understanding primary productivity is important because it helps us to understand the flow of energy through ecosystems and the importance of plants in sustaining life on Earth.

Correct Answer: D. abundant grasses

Explanation

(a) (i) Respiration:Respiration is the process by which living things breakdown/oxidise food/nutrients/glucose/ organic substances; to release energy/ATP for metabolic activities of the body; with or without the use of oxygen.

(b) (I) Residual Air:During breathing out/expiration/exhalation; not all the air is removed from the lungs; the air left inside the lungs during breathing out is residual air.

(ii) Importance of Residual Air: Air is left in the lungs so that the lungs do not collapse; air is always left inside the lungs so that more oxygen can be removed (diffuse) into the blood stream.

(c) Characteristic features of respiratory structures: -

• They have wide/large surface area
• they are moist
• thin walled membranes
• they are highly vascularised/ richly supplied with blood
• highly permeable to gases.

(d)(i) Oxygen debt: The build up of lactic acid; during strenuous exercise is poisonous and makes the muscles ache; oxygen is needed to break down/ get rid of the lactic acid, that is why athletes continue breathing heavily even after the exercise is over; the oxygen needed to get rid of the lactic acid is known as oxygen debt.

(ii) Activities that can result in oxygen debt:Running; boxing; swimming /any correct example of strenuous activities.

Correct Answer: D. threaten the survival of species

Correct Answer: D)none

Explanation

This biology question is a bit tricky because it seems to be testing your knowledge of genetics, but it is actually just a riddle. The answer is that none of the children would be blind like the father since blindness is not a hereditary trait caused by a single gene. Blindness can be caused by a variety of factors such as injury, disease, or genetic mutations in multiple genes. Similarly, having one eye is also not necessarily a hereditary trait since it can be caused by injury or disease. To further clarify, there are some genetic disorders that can cause blindness, such as retinitis pigmentosa or Leber's congenital amaurosis, but these conditions are usually caused by mutations in multiple genes and can have varying degrees of severity and onset. Additionally, even if both parents carried a gene for a certain disorder, there is only a 25% chance that each child would inherit two copies of the gene and develop the disorder. In summary, the answer to this question is option D, none of the children would be blind like the father. It is important to remember that not all traits are determined by a single gene and that there are many different factors that can contribute to a person's physical characteristics.