Correct Answer: D. the abdomen of moth is fatter than that of butterfly

Correct Answer: B) Egestion

Explanation

Feces is the solid waste material that is produced in the large intestine of the digestive system. When it is time for the body to get rid of feces, it is removed through a process called egestion. Egestion is the process of eliminating undigested food materials (such as fiber) and other waste products from the body in the form of feces. It is important to note that egestion is not the same as excretion. Excretion is the process of eliminating metabolic wastes produced by the body's cells, such as urea, through organs such as the kidneys. Elimination is a broader term that includes both egestion and excretion. In summary, feces is removed from the body through a process called egestion, which is the elimination of undigested food materials and waste products from the large intestine. Option B, egestion, is therefore the correct answer to the question.

Explanation

(a) Osmosis is the process by which water molecules or solvent move from area or region of weaker solution through a semi-permeable membrane. It can also be defined as the movement of water or water molecules from a region of higher concentration of water molecules to a region of weaker concentration of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.

(b)

• A young herbaceous plant, balsom or water plant, is uprooted.
• The roots are washed with water to remove the soil particles.
• Expose the set-up to sunlight and allow it to stand for about one to six hours.
• Remove the plant and wash the roots thoroughly and make transverse sections of the root, stem and leaf.
• Then, observe the sections under the microscope or hand lens.
• It will be observed that only the xylem tissue picks the colour of the dye and will be stained red, indicating that water moves through xylem tissues.

(c)(i) When a red blood cell is placed in hypotonic or weaker solution, water enters the red blood cell by osmosis through the cell membrane which serves as a semi-permeable membrane. Continuous gain or absorption of water by the red blood cell makes the cell swell or enlarge in size and eventually burst. Hence hemolyses or heamolysis takes place.

(b (ii) Three conditions that may cause heamolysis are:

(1) disease attack

(2) abuse or use of drugs and food

(3) poisoning

(4) infection/ epidemic

(5) industrial activities/ pollution.

Correct Answer: D. budding

Correct Answer: C. potassium

Correct Answer: B. heterotrophic

Correct Answer: D. Water

Explanation

(a) (i) Mendel’s laws of inheritance

First law/law of segregation

States that a pair of alleles/genes of contrasting character; segregates during gamete formation so that only one allele/gene enters a single gamete.

Second law/law of independent assortment

States that of a pair of alleles/genes of contrasting character; segregates independently; and combines randomly/distribute itself; with either of another pair of alleles/ genes.

(ii) Applications of genetics in medicine

• Screening blood for transfusion;
• Determining paternity/ parentage;
• Marriage counseling for genetic disorders;
• Production of certain drugs/insulin;
• Sex selection in babies;
• Cloning of cells;
• Test-tube babies/ in-vitro fertilization;
• Organ transplant.
• Analysis of blood in crime detection.

(iii) Disadvantages of inbreeding

• Loss of reproductive vigor/potency;
• Susceptibility to disease;
• Limited gene pool/lack of varieties;
• Inability to withstand environmental changes;
• Replication /retention of undesirable traits.

(b) (i) Evolution

The process of development of complex organisms; from simple forms; over a long period of time; and results in the origin of new species.

(ii) Convergent and divergent evolution

Convergent evolution produces similar structures in organisms; that have evolved from different unrelated ancestors; while divergent evolution produces modification of structures in organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor; due to adaptation to environmental changes.

Correct Answer: A. respiring in the absence of oxygen

Correct Answer: D. usually has more water vapour