Explanation

(a)Rock weathering is defined as the breaking down of rocks into tiny pieces to form soil.

(b) Four factors that affects the formation of soil are

(i) Parent material e.g granite will form sandy soil

(ii) Climate: Elements like temperature, water and wind help to break down rocks

(iii) Topography: Steep slopes increase the rat, break soil formation.

(iv) Living organisms or biotic factors: The influence or activities of plants and animals help to rock break down rocks.

(c) Four types of chemical weathering are:

(i) Solution: Water dissolves soluble

(ii) Oxidation: This is the reaction of oxygen with rocks resulting in disintegration

(iii) Carbonation: This involves the dissolution of carbon dioxide with rain water to form a weak carbonic acid. This acid can dissolve rocks

(iv) Hydration: This is the attachment of water with rock minerals which results in chemical alteration of the mineral

Correct Answer: C. hand trowel

Explanation

(a) Explanation of management practices in animal production: (i) Steaming up: This is a process of giving highly nutritious diet to a pregnant animal for a few weeks before parturition to stimulate milk synthesis and secretion. (ii) Culling: This is the removal of unproductive or diseased or abnormal animal from the flock to prevent spread of diseases or create enough space for better production/performance. (iii) Candling: This is the process by which hatchable eggs are placed on a device called candler with a high light source below it in a dark room to reveal the presence or absence of developing embryo. This is normally done before the eggs are placed in an i incubator and mid-way during incubation to detect the presence of dead embryos. (iv) Weaning: This is the separation of the young animals from their mothers so that they can feed on their own and be independent of their mothers breast milk. (v) Tattooing: This involves the imprinting of signs/numbers/letters on the body or ears of animals and rubbing the imprinted marks with dye or paints to bring them out clearly for easy identification. (vi) Creep feeding: This is the placement of more nutritious feed for young animals out of the reach of their mothers in a compartment within the same pen called cribs for good growth and early weaning.

(b) Signs of heat in animals: (1) Restlessness (2) Mucus discharge from vulva. (3) Attempting to mount other animals in the herd. (4) Reddened vulva. (5) Loss of appetite. (6) Tendency to urinate fequently. (7) Undue noise making/grunting. (8) Standing still to be mounted. (9) Slight increase in body temperature. (10) Frequent tail shaking in goat.

(c) Reasons for castrating farm animals: (1) Helps to control indiscriminate mating. (2) Helps to quicken the fattening up of the animal. (3) Removes the characteristic male odour caused by the production of testosterone. (4) Animal becomes more docile and easy to handle. (5) Leads to better carcass quality. (6) Leads to higher feed conversion ratio. (7) To prevent male animal with bad trait from being used for breeding purposes.

Explanation

(a) Explanation of animal nutrition: Animal nutrition refers to the art and science of feeding farm animals.

(b) Functions of oestrogen in animal reproduction:

- Stimulates the development of mammary gland.

- Influences the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.

- Determines the onset of heat.

- Promotes the production of ova/controls ovulation.

- Increases cilliary activity and mucous secretion in the oviduct.

- Increases blood supply and water content of the uterus.

(c) Explanation of methods of animal i? mprovement:

(i) Selection: This is the process of picking/choosing one or more animals with desired qualities from a group/population for breeding purposes.

(ii) Breeding: This is the mating of animals of the same species with the aim of transferring desirable qualities from parents to offspring.

(iii) Introduction: This involves bringinging exotic breeds of animals with desired qualities into a new environment.

(d) Meaning of ornamental plants: Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for the aesthetic values of their flowers, leaves, shapes etc /They are plants grown to beautify the environment.

(e) Vegetative methods that could be used to propagate ornamental plants:

- Cutting

- Budding

-Layering

- Grafting

- Marcotting

Explanation

(a)Land is the solid part of the earth's surface which has as its components water, air, soil, rock, minerals, natural l vegetation and animal life and suitable for agricultural production. Or it is the uppermost layer of the earth's crust on which agricultural and non-agricultural activities are carried out.

(b) Major classification of land based on uses: (i) agricultural land e.g. land for crop production, livestock production, fisheries, forestry. wildlife conservation etc. (ii) non-agricultural land e.g. mining, construction of buildings, roads, sports centres.

(c) Factors affecting land availability for agricultural production: (i) ecological factors. (ii) population density/ population growth. (iii) rate of growth of the population. (iv)climatic conditions. (v) topography or slope of the land. (vi) socio-cultural factors. (vii) economic factors. (viii) prevalent land tenure system (ix) fertility status of the land/ soil type (x) degree of land degradation e.g. pollution, erosion etc.

(d) Explanation for any two factors:

(i) Climatic factors: (1) such as rainfall, htemperature, daylight, length of growing season etc. (2) affect land availability for agricultural purposes such tha t e intended type of farming may not be possible, if it does not have the right factors. (3) Areas with high rainfall tend to encourage the cultivation of tree crops e.g. Cocoa, Oil-palm, Rubber; Kolanut. (4) Area with moderate rainfall favour food crops production e.g. Rice, Maize, Cowpea, (5) Extremes of rainfall leads to desert and swampy area which do not favour crop production.

(ii) Ecological factors: (1) such as swampy and desert areas do not favour crop production (2) high temperature and low rainfall lead to desertification, which renders the land useless for any agricultural activity.

(iii) Economic factors: (1) Such factors like value of land, labour, transportation etc. may lead to poor utilization of agricultural land when they are not adequate.

(iv) Population density/production growth: (1) land tends to be available for agriculture where the population is very low e.g. rural areas. (2) Land is not available for agricultural purposes where population is high e.g. urban areas. (3) People in urban areas need land for many other purposes e.g. construction of industries, building houses etc. hence land is expensive to acquire.

(v) Land Tenure System: (1) The system does not make land easily available for large scale agriculture. (2) Prospelcd-etivtoe, farmers find it difficult to acquire enough land because of the system, be-it communal, inheritance or leasehold (3) Land may be held by individuals who have no interest in agriculture.

(vi) Soil type !Fertility Status: (1) The type of soil in an area determines whether or not such land will be available for farming. (2) Loamy soil and to some extent clay soil in an area make such land available for farming. (3) Presence of crops.csaronpdsY. soil in an area prevents the availability of such land for farming because sandy soil does not support growth

(vii) Topography: (1) Hilly, mountainous and other forms of highlands do not make land available for agriculture as erosion may wash away any crop planted. (2) Gentle or even slopes to support the cultivation of crops (3) Hilly and mountainous areas are not easily accessible.

(viii)Socio-cultural practices: (1) Land may be reserved for cultural activities such as shrines, cemeteries or place of worship (mosque and churches) such land may not be available for agriculture.

(ix) Socio-economic activities: (1) the use of land for residential buildings, hospital, industries, roads, market, recreation centers, mining etc. does not make land available for agricultural activities. (2) Land used for such activities generates more revenue to the government than agriculture.

Correct Answer: A. making drills

Correct Answer: D. gene

Explanation

(a) Definition of natural pastures: Pasture is a piece of land on which forage crops/grasses/mixture of grasses and legumes grow (b) Features of natural pastures: (1) Ability to regenerate easily. (2) Growth may be enhanced by burning. (3) Soils are low in nutrients. (4) Contain obnoxious grasses and legumes. (5) Grasses and legumes are poor in quality. (6) Can withstand trampling by ruminants. (7) Forage crops are resistant to drought.

(c) Calculation: (i) Area of land = πr² = 3.142 x 200m x 200m = 125,680m²

Spacing = 1m x 50cm = 1m x 0.5m = 0.5m² Plant population of stylosanthes gracilis

= Area of land (m²) = 125,680m²

spacing (m²) 0.5m² = 251,360 stands

(ii) Expected plant population: Germination:% = 75

i.e = 75 x 251,360/100

Expected plant population = 188,520 Stands of stylosanthes gracilis

OR Area of land = πr² = 22/7 x 200m x 200m = 125,714.28m²

Spacing = 1m x 50cm = 1m x 0.5m = 0.5m²

Plant population = Area of land (m)/spacing (m) = 125,714.28m²/ 0.5m²

= 251,428.56 stands Approx. = 251,429 stands

Expected plant population: Germination % = 75 = 75 x 251,429/100 = 188,572 stands of stylosanthes gracilis

(iii) Importance of stylosanthes gracilis in agricultural production: (1) Fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil. (2) Feed for ruminants. (3) Green manure/fallow crop. (4) Checks soil erosion. (5) Improves soil structure.

Correct Answer: C. timber

Correct Answer: D. increase in oxygen level of the soil