Explanation

The following factors contribute to the problems of agricultural development in Nigeria:

(a) Finance (i) Peasant farmers have no access to credit facilities or loan to increase their production. (ii) Commercia banks will not give credit/loan to farmers because they do not have collateral security. (iii) Farmers need adequate finance and credit to embark on large scale farming. (iv) Banks charge high interest rate. (v) Some farmers who get loan divert the money for other purposes.

(b) Farm inputs: (1) Majority of the farm inputs are not produced in Nigeria, but have to be imported. (ii) Farm inputs are inadequate or are in short supply. (iii) Most of the farm inputs are of inferior quality. (iv) Farm inputs even when they are available are not supplied at the right time. (v) Most farmers do not know how to use or apply some of the inputs.

(c) Transportation: (i) Due to bad roads, much of the produce spoilt and wasted, especially perishable ones. (ii) Some existing farms are located in inaccessible areas where roads are completely absent. (iii) Cost of transportation is very high. (iv) There are inadequate vehicles. (v) Poor transport system makes evacuation of farm produce to urban areas difficult.

(d) Storage and processing facilities: (i) Excess produce are wasted due to inadequate processing. (ii) Processing/storage facilities are very expensive. (iii) Inadequate storage facilities result in wastage and loss of some agricultural products. (iv) Improper storage reduces the quantity and quality of some of the products.(v) Lack of technical knowledge on operation of Processing and storage facilities

Explanation

(a)(i) Meaning of inventory records: This is a record that gives a full list of assets and liabilities of a farm in that gives both physical and monetary terms.

(ii) Steps involved in the process of taking inventory:

-Identification of assets and liabilities.

- Itemizing of assets and liabiiities.

- Physical counting of each item of asset.

- Assigning monetary value to each asset.

(iii) Ways in which inventory record is important in farm business

- Helps in periodical checking of the movement of farm tools and equipment.

- Helps in identifying damaged tools and equipment.

- Provides data for the preparation of Balance Sheet of a farm.

-Helps in the assessment of the Net-worth of a farm.

- Assists in farm planning and budgeting.

-Assists in farm evaluation.

(b) Objectives of agricultural extension

- Help people living in rural areas to recognize and take interest in their problems.

-Convince people to make themselves available to be taught how to raise their standards of living by their own efforts using their own resources and initiatives/ Encourage local leadership.

- Educate farmers to abandon unproductive traditional ways of farming for improved and scientific farming techniques.

- Help improve the health of rural dwellers through better nutrition using their own farm produce.

- Help accelerate rural development/collection and collation of basic information relating to rural programmes.

-Identification of proper marketing channels

-Help farmers to access and supervise the use of agricultural loans.

- Link farmers with research institutes.

(c) Explanation of agricultural extension methods

(i) Bulletins:

- Bulletins are official statement of news or official announcement sent out to many persons by an extension agent or authority.

- Bulletins serve to teach farmers/remind them of special meetings and may be used by them as reference materials.

(ii) Agricultural shows:

- Is a day set aside for showcasing successful farmer's II m farms and displaying improved agricultural inputs, implements and machinery to farmers.

- They are held in villages, towns and cities and have e nationwide character.

-During such shows, selected farmers, input suppliers and other stakeholders in agriculture display their produce and products for and award.

- Very often processed food are also exhibited.

- It is characterized by festive moods, speeches, addresses and awards.

Correct Answer: A. provision of subsidies

Correct Answer: A. 27kg of nitrogen, 10kg of phosphate, 10kg of potash

Correct Answer: A. Acidic

Explanation

(a)(i) Definition of vegetative propagation Vegetative propagation is the use of plant parts other than seeds to produce the subsequent generation of plants (ii) Advantages and Disadvantages of vegetative propagation

(i) Advantages of vegetative propagation

-Plants that are propagated vegetatively are exactly like their parents they are true to type

- Plants established by vegetative means usually grow faster, and mature earlier than those established from seed

-Seed dormancy problems are completely eliminated in vegetative propagation

-Plants that do not produce viable seeds or do not produce seeds at all are only propagated through vegetative means

-Pollination agents which can fail to perform successfully are not required

- Failure of fertilization is avoided

-By budding and grafting, it is easy to achieve a number of desired objectives such as disease control, plant height, two varieties of the same crop on the same stock, etc.

-Vegetative propagation provides means for repairing damage to trees

Disadvantages of vegetative propagation

-The processes involved are time consuming

-There is possibility of the transmission of diseases in vegetative materials

-The planting material is usually bulky

-Vegetative planting materials cannot be stored for very long periods

-In vegetative propagation, all the plants on the field have the same characteristics/ No genetic variability

-Artificial vegetative propagation methods such as budding, grafting and layering require expertise

(b) Cultural methods used for controlling crop pests in the field

- Crop rotation

- Removal of pest infested plants / rouging

-Removal of debris which may harbour pests at different growth stages of the crop (sanitation)

-Use clean ,planting materials

-Seed dressing

-Use of catch crops

-Alteration of planting date /time to enable crops mature when build up of pest had not reached its peak

-Tillage practices such as hoeing to expose pests

-Use of pest tolerant varieties

-Weeding

(c) Harmful effects of chemical pest control

-Residues on edible produce pose health hazards to humans and animals

-There may be spraying injury to the crop due to an over concentration of the chemical

-The frequent spraying of some pesticides may result in the development of pest resistance

-It disturbs the biological or ecological equilibrium

- Causes air pollution

-Causes water pollution

-Causes soil pollution

-Decreases soil fertility by lowering soil pH

Correct Answer: B. predator

Correct Answer: B. calcium

Correct Answer: C. cross-breeding

Explanation

(c) (i)Name of the tools

• Ranging pole
• Arrow/pin

(ii)Uses of the labelled tools

I (Ranging pole)

• Used for marking stations;
• For making straight lines.

II (Arrow/pin)

• Used during chaining for marking off length chains as measured;
• Used for marking stations;
• Used for marking points of intersection.

(iii)General ways of maintaining the tools labelled I (Ranging pole) and II

(Arrow/pin)

• Clean after use/wash and dry;
• Store in cool, dry place;
• Should be handled by a competent person(s);
• Oil or grease metal part;
• Sharpen the pointed metal tip;