Correct Answer: D. stop inter-ethnic wars

Explanation

Ways in which colonial rule contribute to the decline of the powers of the traditional rulers in West Africa:

(i) There was a breakdown of the existing links between them and their people when the former became appendages of an alien government.

(ii) The introduction of wage earning gave their subjects economic independence.

(iii) The impact of Western education led to the breakdown of traditional norms and values of the society.

(iv) The influence of foreign religion scaled down the power of the traditional rulers as the spiritual authority of their people.

(v) Establishment of Law Courts by the colonialists eroded their judicial powers.

(vii) Establishment of Legislative Councils reduced their law making powers.

(vii) Establishment of Police Force by the colonialists.

(viii) The establishment of the Public Treasury removed taxation powers from the traditional rulers.

(ix) Forced labour and conscription by the colonialists reduced the man power available to the traditional rulers.

(x) Stoppage of inter-tribal wars deprived traditional rulers of their wealth.

(xi) Emergence of political parties after World War II led to the decline of powers of the traditional rulers.

(xii) Appointment and deposition of traditional rulers by colonial authorities led to decline in their prestige.

Correct Answer: A. consist of honest and impartial judges

Explanation

It is vitally important in a democracy that individual judges and the judiciary as a whole are impartial and independent of all external pressures and of each other so that those who appear before them and the wider public can have confidence that their cases will be decided fairly and in accordance with the law.

Correct Answer: D. federal government

Correct Answer: C. Totalitarianism

Correct Answer: C. totalitarian government

Explanation

A one-party system is a form of government where the country is ruled by a single political party, meaning only one political party exists and the forming of other political parties is forbidden. Countries with a one party system usually have dictators or totalitarian kind of government because there is no room for opposition and criticism

Explanation

(a)The positive consequences of the Nigerian Civil War (1967 - 1970) include:

(i)Consolidation: The war consolidated the territorial integrity and unity of the country.

(ii)Secession: The possibility of a part or any ethnic group or even a state seceding is reduced.

(iii) The Federal government became very powerful after the war, making the states subordinated to it virtually in everything.

(iv)Creation of more states:States were created in the country by the federal government, e.g. 12 states were created.

(v)The war strengthened the confidence the government had in the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) , even when four countries in Africa supported the secessionist government of Biafra during the war.

(vi)Technology: In the area of technology, Nigerians can now look inward after the civil war.

(b) The negative consequences of the Nigerian Civil War (1967 - 1970) include:

(i) Waste of financial, human and material resources were recorded: For example, a lot of money was spent in prosecuting the war, a great number of lives were lost and property unestimated went into the war.

(ii)Hardship: Innocent citizens and many homes were displaced coupled with severe hardship.

(iii)Dislocation of the educational system: A good number of tertiary institutions were either dislocated or destroyed and some others closed down. In fact, the academic system was paralysed.

(iv)Truncated economic activities: Economic activities were truncated. Industries were no more producing because of the war. The economy of the country was at a stand-still.

(v) War propaganda:The war propaganda led to the battering of the country's image. Some foreign countries saw the war as between the Christians and Muslims.

(vi)Demobilisation of discharged soldiers:This was not fully done, bringing about increase in criminal activities in the country.

(vii) Reduction in the number of the soldiers: Many of the soldiers

Explanation

Factors that have brought about inefficiency of local governments in Nigeria since 1976 include:

(i) Inadequate trained Personnel:Inadequacy of trained manpower in the areas of administration, technical and other relevant areas, e.g. the professionals , has contributed to the inefficiency of the local government.

(ii)Problems of funds : This is one of the chronic problems besetting local governments. Even grants from both the state and central governments did not bring a relief because they have too many functions to perform and they cannot raise enough revenue internally.

(iii)Political interference:It was argued that constant political interference from the government has added impetus to the ineffectiveness of the local government. Such interference has in recent times led to the appointment of persons to positions mainly as a result of party leaning and support.

(iv)Embezzlement of funds: Most of the officials in local governments add to the problems of local government by misappropriating and embezzling funds meant for projects.

(v)Bribery and corruption:These evils have succeeded in making local government inefficient and ineffective. Some of the officials are deep-rooted in corrupt practices like abuse of power, kickbacks, inflating contracts and poor execution. (vi) Absence of infrastructure: Absence of infrastructure, e.g. electricity, good roads, housing projects for the workers, etc., has resulted in numerous prob-lems in local governments.

(vii)Interference from traditional rulers:Some of the traditional rulers feel that the role played by local government officials are supposed to be performed by them. So, there is regular interference in the affairs of local government by traditional rulers. This brings about distortions in the performance of local government functions.

(viii)Illiterate officials/councilors: Most of the councilors are not properly educated. The after effect of this is poor and ineffective performance of local governments.

(ix)Absence of viability:Most of the local governments are not viable economically . This affects their effective performance.

(x)Nepotism and favouritism:Award of contracts and appointments are not based on merits. Nepotism and favouritism are playing defective roles in the affairs of local government as they are counterproductive.

(xi)Partisan politics:The involvement of local government officials in partisan politics instead of their official duties is bound to affect the effective performance of the local governments.

(xii)Ineffective method of collecting rates:The method used in the collection of rates is not modern but crude. Evidence has shown that many people evade paying their rates and taxes, this affects the much expected fund coming into the coffers of the local government.

Correct Answer: D. nine

Explanation

Judges in the International Court of Justice are appointed for a period of nine years. The International Court of Justice, also known as the World Court, is the main judicial organ of the United Nations. It settles legal disputes submitted by states and gives advisory opinions on legal issues referred to it by authorised UN organs and specialised agencies.

Correct Answer: C. Eastern Nigeria