Explanation

Reasons why the policy of association was introduced in French West Africa :

(i)Assimilated elite:There was a negative reaction from the assimilated elite towards the obnoxious policy of assimilation.

(ii)Costly to run:The policy of assimilation was seen as a costly one. France was fully involved and so many officials were needed in the administration.

(iii)President De Gaulle: His rise to power facilitated his desire to replace assimilation with association.

(iv)Second World War:France had to abandon the policy of assimilation because after the second world war, the tempo of nationalist activities in West Africa went up drastically.

(b) Characteristics of the Policy of Association are:

(i)Dual Citizenship: Dual citizenship was abolished to reflect the new policy of association.

(ii)Formation of Political Parties:The new policy of association accommodated the formation of political parties.

(iii)Culture: Originally, France did not recognize other cultures outside the French culture but this new policy paved the way for- her recognition of different cultures.

(iv)Assemblies: Local and national assemblies were created or established in the colonies.

(v)Forced Labour:The new policy abolished forced labour, indignant policy and compulsory military service.

(vi)Education: Only the citizens benefited immensely from education under the policy of assimilation.This new policy liberalised education.

(vii)Chieftaincy institution: This institution was recognised and the chiefs were given powers to perform.

Correct Answer: A. promote the dignity of man

Explanation

By guaranteeing life, liberty, equality, and security, human rights protect people against abuse by those who are more powerful.

Explanation

(a) (i) Direct election

(ii) Indirect election/electoral college system

(iii) Bye election

(iv) General Election

(v) Primary Election

(b) (I) choice/selection of leadership

(ii) confers legitimacy on government/officeholders

(iii) promotion of accountability and transparency in government

(iv) promotion of political participation

(v) ensure smooth transfer of political power/ change of government

(vi) promote political education through competition between or among political parties

Correct Answer: A. socialization

Correct Answer: D. The Second World War boosted their morale

Correct Answer: B. Congnitive orientation

Explanation

Congnitive orientation in political culture is the rate of different kind of ideas, affecting orientations toward the political system. Its input aspects, its output aspects and the self as political actor. It deals with beliefs and attitudes.

Correct Answer: D. lead to his despoilment

Correct Answer: A. constituencies

Correct Answer: C. one-chamber parliament

Correct Answer: B. Clans

Explanation

The Ijaw people of pre-colonial Nigeria were organized into clans. A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. In the case of the Ijaw people, these clans were often made up of several villages and communities that shared common ancestry.