Correct Answer: C. duties on exportation of local products

Correct Answer: D. ex post facto laws

Correct Answer: C. represent groups who otherwise would be left out

Correct Answer: D. widening the scope of political participation

Explanation

A bicameral legislature, which is a legislature with two chambers, contributes to the democratic process by widening the scope of political participation. This is because it allows for more representation and more viewpoints to be considered in the legislative process. The other options do not accurately describe the role of a bicameral legislature in a democratic process.

Correct Answer: B. slowness of action

Explanation

(a) parliamentarianism; It is a system of government in which there exists a Head of State who performs ceremonial functions and a Head of Government who performs executive functions.

(b) i. There is separation of powers in the presidential system, while there is fusion of powers in the parliamentary system.

ii. In the presidential system, the President chooses his ministers from outside parliament, whiles in the parliamentary system Ministers are chosen from parliament.

iii. In a presidential system, the Head of State is also Head of Government while in the parliamentary system, the Head of State is different from Head of Government.

iv. In a presidential system, the President can be removed by impeachment while in the parliamentary system, the Prime Minister can be removed through a vote of no confidence.

v. In a presidential system, the President is directly elected while in the parliamentary system; the Prime Minister is appointed from the majority party in parliament.

vi. In a presidential system, the role of the opposition is not constitutionally determined but in the parliamentary system, the constitution provides a role for the opposition in parliament.

vii. In a presidential system, ministers are individually accountable to the president but in the parliamentary system, the ministers are collectively responsible to parliament.

viii. In a presidential system, there is fixed tenure for the government but in parliamentary system, there is flexibility in the tenure of the government.

ix. In a presidential system, party discipline is weak whiles in the parliamentary system, party discipline it rigidly enforced.

x. There is constitutional supremacy in the presidential system, whereas there is parliamentary supremacy in the parliamentary system.

xi. In a presidential system of government, the President can veto bills passed by the legislature whereas in the parliamentary there is no such veto.

Correct Answer: B. makes, enforces and interprets laws for the state

Explanation

A government is an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other societies. In order to be considered a government, a ruling body must be recognized as such by the people it purports to govern.

Explanation

Functions of the Emir in the Hausa/Fulani Traditional Political System

(i) The emir appointed officials e.g. Madawaki / Waziri/Galadima/Hakimi to assist him in administering the emirate.

(ii) He provided social services for the people.

(iii) He organized his people for communal work e.g. roads, emir's palace etc.

(iv) He organized his people for defence of the emirate against external attacks.

(v) He enforced the Sharia (Islamic law) throughout the emirate

(vi) He was the spiritual head of the emirate.

(vii) He presided over the emir's court as a judge. Only very few cases went to the Sultan on appeal.

(viii) He maintained law and order in the Emirate.

(ix) He imposed and collected taxes e.g. Haraji, Jangali (cattle tax) and tributes.

(x) The emir was the supreme ruler of his subjects.

(xi) He made laws over the area under his jurisdiction.

(xii) He allocated farmland to the people.

(xiii) He performed ceremonial functions (e.g. Dubar)

(xiv) He honoured brave warriors and conferred traditional titles on worthy citizens.

Correct Answer: B. Action Congress

Explanation

Three parties were registered by the Provisional Ruling Council for participation in local, state and national elections: the All People's Party or APP led by Mahmud Waziri; the People's Democratic Party or PDP led by Soloman Lar; and the Alliance for Democracy or AD, led by Ayo Adebanjo.

Correct Answer: D. that no one is above the law