Explanation

Each feature as indicated in the topographical map extract

(b) Calculation of the length of the River Dakorobi. Either of the following two approaches can be used

(i) Use of thread (2)

A piece of paper.

Length of the river on the map = 10.8 cm.

On the map 1cm represent 50,000cm on ground.

Scale of the map = 1:50,000.

Actual length of the river in km = 50,000 x 10.8 100,000 = 5.4km

(ii) Description of relief

The relief of the map is generally a highland area. Its height ranges from 950ft to over 3000ft. Lowest in the North East and highest in the North West. The North West is made up of rugged relief and steep slopes. Pockets of isolated hills cut across from North West to South East. Other parts have gentle rolling slopes (SW and NE parts). V shaped valleys in the N W. The presence of cliffs are also found in the NW part.

(c) Influence of relief on settlement

The area mapped shows dispersed settlement pattern due to high relief of the a7-ea. Most settlements are also the more gentle slopes South of the map. The more rugged (mountainous) areas North West of the map attract less settlements. The only settlements in the North West are Mayo, Dongi and Kenchungu. Settlements avoid the steep slopes and passes attract settlement location such as Karlahi.

Correct Answer: B. Eastern Highlands

Correct Answer: D. torrid, temperate and frigid zones

Correct Answer: B. cation exchange

Correct Answer: A. different soil types

Correct Answer: C. Port-Harcourt

Explanation

(a)(i) Classes of towns based on functions:

(1) Resort towns: places of interest where people can visit (2) Royal towns: traditional centres for monarchs

(3) Satellite towns: well planned urban centres, (4) Port towns; landing places for ships

(5) Administrative towns: they are headquarters of governments, capitals or centres of local governments, regional or national headquarters

(6) Commercial towns: these are centres of commercial or financial activities where trade is the primary activity. Institutions also exist for banking, insurance,

(7) Industrial towns: these are towns whose economy are primarily based on industrial processing of raw materials into finished products. visited by pilgrims irons

(8) Educational towns: These are towns in which arc found world renowned universities and colleges of higher leaning special historical and religious towns that are frequently of minerals.

(9) Religious towns: these are towns known/noted for mining for local goods, several parts of this world.

(10) Mining towns: these are towns that are known/noted for mining of minerals.

(11) Market towns: These are centres for exchange collection and distribution centres for local goods.

(ii) Example of towns: (1) Administrative towns: Abuja, Accra, London, Geneva, Monrovia, etc. (2 ) Commercial towns: London, New York, Zurich , Lagos, Accra.

Industrial towns: Manchester, Lagos, Ruhr, Pittsburg, Tema, Dakar, etc. (3) Religious towns: :Jerusalem, Mecca, Rome, Canterbury, Banaras, etc. (4) Mining towns: Jos, Enugu, Obuasi, Newcastle, Tarkwa, Johannesburg, etc.

(5) Market towns: Kano, Techiman. Norwich, etc,

(6) Resort Miami, Brighton, Ikogosi, etc.

(7) Royal towns: London, Ito, Sokoto, Benin, etc

(8) Satellite towns: Nyayan, Ojo, Festac, Crawley etc.

(9) Port towns: Apapa, Tema. Hamburg, Southampton, Hongkong, etc.

(10) Educational towns: Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Cape Coast. Ibadan, etc.

(b) Ways in which rural and urban areas are interdependent.: (i) Rural areas provide agricultural material to the urban areas. The urban centres in turn supply manufactured goods to the rural areas. (ii) Rural areas supply foodstuff to the urban areas.

(iii) Urban areas supply farm inputs — fertilizers, cutlass. etc:. to the rural areas. (iv) Urban areas are markets where agricultural products from rural areas are sold

(v) provide higher educational facilities to rural areas. (vi) Urban areas provide higher order of services to II rural areas.

(vii) Urban areas provide social amenities like pipe-borne water and electricity to rural areas

(viii) Medicinal herbs from the rural areas are utilized in urban areas. (ix) Rural areas obtain financial service, from the urban areas.

(x) Rural areas provide unskilled labour to urban centres. (xi) Urban areas serve administrative centres for rural areas. (xii) Urban areas disseminate ideas and innovation to rural areas

(xiii) Rural areas provide retreats for retirees (xiv) Rural areas are custodians of culture and traditions urban centres. (xv) Urban areas provide recreational facilities for rural areas.

(xvi) Rural areas provide tourist sites for urban areas

Explanation

(a) Manufacturing industry involves the turning of raw materials into new products by mechanical or chemical processes at home or in the factory.

(b) The characteristic features of manufacturing industries in tropical African countries:

(i) Importation of skilled labour

(ii) Imported raw materials

(iii)They are labour intensive

(iv) They are largely small-scaled

(v) The industries are concentrated in few locations

(c) Four reasons why countries embark on industrialization include:

(i) To reduce over dependence on imported goods

(ii) It acts as a source of revenue

(iii) To generate employment

(iv) To improve the standard of living.

Correct Answer: D. Ventifact

Correct Answer: B. Ghana