Correct Answer: D) par value

Explanation

To learn more about this, please read the relevant sections of the recommended textbooks.

Correct Answer: B. Chambers of commerce

Explanation

(a) Different types of business environments are:

(i) Economic environment (ii) Industrial environment (iii) Socio -cultural (iv) Demographic (v) Technological (vi) Legal. (vii) Political (viii) Physical (ix) Climatic.

(b) Companies continue to advertise inspite of criticism because:

(i) Advertising leads to and induces purchases and greater sales volume.

(ii) Advertising creates awareness about the existence of a product.

(iii) Advertising affords the producer the opportunity of explaining the uses and features of his products.

(iv) It informs the people about the place and price of obtaining the goods.

(v) Advertising leads to mass production as a result of increase in sales.

(vi) It arouses the interest of the consumers in a particular product.

(vii) It helps to make brand names of goods known to members of the public.

(viii) The public are informed of any changes in the name or uses of the good.

Correct Answer: B. skill

Explanation

Description of documents and their uses:

(a)Consular invoice: This is an invoice issued in the embassy of the importing country showing the original price of the goods in the country of origin. This is to avoid under-involving for correct import duties to be paid.

Uses:

(i) It is used by the Customs Authority to ascertain duty payable on goods.

(ii) It prevents falsification of prices of goods.

(b) Bill of lading: This document contains the details of the goods been sent. It is the document of title to goods which are sent across two countries. It is an evidence of shipment and a document of title to claim goods.

Uses:

(i) It is used as evidence of shipment contract.

(ii) It is used as proof of ownership.

(iii) It shows details of all parties to the goods.

(iv) It shows details of the goods.

(c)Certificate of origin:This is an international trade document which states the place where the goods are produced for preferential treatment purposes.

Uses:

(i) This is used by Customs to separate dutiable goods or special duty items from each other.

(ii) It prevents possible importation of goods from enemy country.

(d)Bill of sight:This is a document used in the import trade where importers are required to complete the appropriate "entry" document if there is insufficient information about the cargo to determine the correct duty in advance.

Uses:

(I) It is used to determine the duty on the cargo.

(ii) It is very important when there is insufficient information about the cargo.

Correct Answer: D. damage claims equal to the loss suffered

Explanation

(a) Reasons why a manufacturer may brand his product are:

(i) The producer may want to enjoy some monopoly.

(ii) It helps to differentiate similar goods.

(iii) To prevent adulteration of the branded goods.

(iv) Branding helps to project the image of the company

(v) Branding makes market segmentation easier because similar products may be developed to meet specific categories of users.

(vi) The importance of price differentials may diminish or reduce.

(vii) Self-selection is facilitated and this helps the customers in self-service stores.

(ix) Branding leads to a more ready acceptance of a product by wholesalers and retailers.

(b) Services rendered by the wholesaler to the manufacturer are:

(i) The wholesalers provide warehousing facilities to get rid of stock piling at the production point.

(ii) The wholesalers purchase goods in bulk from the producer.

(iii) They provide information to the producer regarding the retailers' and customers' views about the product.

(iv) They finance production by making prompt and sometimes advance payment to the producer.

(v) The wholesalers sometimes brand and package goods from the producers before selling to the retailers.

(vi) The wholesalers often provide transport needed in distribution, by sending their vehicles to collect the goods from the manufacturers.

(vii) The wholesaler can give credit facilities to the manufacturer.

(viii) The wholesaler bears risk on behalf of the producer by taking over losses due to spoilage.

(ix) They help in carrying out such marketing functions as advertising ,packaging and displaying of the products.

Correct Answer: C. Articles of Association

Correct Answer: B. an increase in production

Correct Answer: A) ex-dividend

Explanation

When a share is ex-dividend, it means that the buyer is not entitled to the next dividend payment. This is because the seller of the share has already been paid the dividend. Therefore, the share is temporarily suspended from receiving the next dividend payment.

On the other hand, when a share is cum-dividend, it means that the buyer is entitled to the next dividend payment. This is because the seller of the share has not yet been paid the dividend. Therefore, the share is not suspended from receiving the next dividend payment.

Bonds and stocks are different types of securities that can be bought and sold in the financial markets. Bonds are debt securities, while stocks are equity securities. However, neither of these options applies to the question being asked.

In summary, the correct answer to this Commerce question is A) ex-dividend, which indicates that a share is temporarily suspended from receiving the next dividend payment.