Correct Answer: D. civic problems

Explanation

(a) Human rights are commonly understood as being those rights which are inherent in the mere fact of being human. Human rights are universal and inalienable; indivisible; interdependent and interrelated.

They are universal because everyone is born with and possesses the same rights, regardless of where they live, their gender or race, or their religious, cultural or ethnic background. Inalienable because people's rights can never be taken away.

Indivisible and interdependent because all rights – political, civil, social, cultural and economic, are equal in importance and none can be fully enjoyed without the others. They apply to all equally, and all have the right to participate in decisions that affect their lives. They are upheld by the rule of law and strengthened through legitimate claims for duty-bearers to be accountable to international standards.

(b). - The police in enforcing law and order can ban public assembly and demonstrations which will deny a citizen his right to freedom of association and assembly.

- Rights to the freedom of expression and press are restricted by the law preventing individuals from saying or publishing statement that could damage the personality of others (laws of slander and libel).

- A citizen may be denied his rights to free movement if he is detained on medical ground in order not to spread contagious disease if such citizen is suffering from a contagious disease.

- Right to private property may be restricted by the right of the state to compulsorily acquire private property for public use.

(c) - Stability/Organization: Citizens' rights are entrenched in the constitution in order to have a well-arranged documentation of the rights of citizens in a country and since the constitution is the body of regulation that guides the affairs of a country, it is the most appropriate to house human rights.

- Understanding specifics of human rights: Human rights are entrenched in the constitution so that everyone can access them and understand the conditions surrounding these rights as well as their limitations.

- Rule of Law: The rule of law is a liberty centred constitutional concept which stipulates that everything must be done in accordance with the law. It encapsulates such ideals as government according to the law, equality before the law and the independence, and autonomy of the judiciary among others. This helps to make human rights applicable and efficient.

Correct Answer: D. integrity

Explanation

(i) Recruitment of political leaders: One of the key functions of political parties is the recruitment of political leaders. It is unrealistic if not impossible for one to become the president of Nigeria or to become the governor of a state in Nigeria without joining a political party.

(ii) Education of the electorates: Political parties in Nigeria educate the electorates through their campaigns and rallies.

(iii) Promotion of interest in politics: People become interested in politics through the activities of political parties.

(iv) Ensuring political stability: Political parties help to ensure political stability by presenting candidates of integrity and experience in governance.

(v) Forum for national unity: A political party is made up of people from different ethnic and religious backgrounds. The party unites them together, which makes them have the same goals, aspirations, and intentions

Correct Answer: B. neglect of followers

Explanation

God-fatherism in a democratic system of government can lead to neglect of followers. This is because the godfather, who is usually a powerful and influential person, may use his influence to favor his godson or goddaughter, thereby neglecting the needs and interests of the followers or citizens.

Explanation

a. Inter-communal relationships refer to the relationships between different communities. These relationships can be social, economic, political, or cultural in nature. They involve interactions between different communities that lead to mutual understanding, cooperation, and respect for each other's values and traditions. Inter-communal relationships are crucial for promoting peace, unity, and development within a country.

b. Inter-communal relationships promote community development in Nigeria in several ways. First, they foster unity and peace. When communities have good relationships with each other, there is less likelihood of conflict, which creates a peaceful environment for development. Second, inter-communal relationships encourage cooperation. Communities can work together to achieve common goals, such as building infrastructure or improving education. Third, they promote cultural exchange. This can lead to a better understanding and appreciation of different cultures, which can in turn lead to more harmonious coexistence. Fourth, inter-communal relationships can lead to economic growth. When communities trade with each other, it can stimulate economic activity and lead to increased prosperity.

Correct Answer: D. denied to all states in the federation

Explanation

Under the Nigeria 1999 constitution as amended, the right to secede is denied all states in the federation. The constitution does not provide any provision for any state or part of the country to secede or separate from the federation.

Correct Answer: D. memory loss

Correct Answer: A. brings about peaceful co-existence of people

Correct Answer: C. decolonization