Explanation

(a)(i) Structural Isomers of C\(_4\)H\(_4\)

(ii) (I)Tertiary(3°)alkanol.

(II) Primary (1°)alkanol.

(III) Secondary (2°) alkanol

(b)(i)

(I) CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)COOK, H\(_2\)

(II) CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)COOC\(_4\)H\(_9\) H\(_2\)O

(III) CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)CH\(_2\)COOH

(ii) Major products in (b)(i) (1) — Potassuim propanoate (II) — Butyl propanoate (III) — Butanoic acid

(C)(i) % carbon by mass = 100 – 14.3 (l) = 85.7%

Ratio of atoms = \(\frac{C}{\frac{85.7}{12.0}}\) = 7.1415; \(\frac{H}{\frac{14.3}{1.0}}\) = 14.3

Divide by smaller number = \(\frac{7.1415}{7.1415}\) = 1; \(\frac{14.3015}{7.1415}\) = 2

Empirical Formular = CH\(_2\)

(i) 2.24dm\(^3\) = 7.0g of R

22.4dm\(^3\) = \(\frac{7.0}{2.24}\) x 22.4 = 70gmol\(^1\)

OR

Molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm\(^3\) at s.t.p 22.4

22.4 dm\(^3\) gas = 1 mole

22.4 dm\(^3\) = \(\frac{2.24}{22.4} \times 1\) = 0.1 mol

But numbers of moles = 0.1

Mr = \(\frac{7}{0.1}\) = 70gmol\(^1\)

Molecular formular = C\(_5\)H\(_{10}\)

(CH_2)n = 70

14n = 70

n = \(\frac{70}{4}\) = 5

(d) The occurence of / existence of / condition whereby compounds with the same molecular formula have different structural formulae.

Correct Answer: B. Increase the yield of PCl₃

Explanation

(a) CH\(_3\)COONa\(_{(s)}\) + NaOH\(_{(S)}\) ----> Na\(_2\)CO\(_{3(S)}\) + CH\(_{4(g)}\)

(soda lime)

(b) Sodalime is simply the iron deliquescent form of sodium hydroxide and this is necessary to keep the medium of reaction dry.

Explanation

(a)(i) It is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei accompanied by the release of large amount of energy.

(ii)\(^{238}_{92}U\) and ends with\(^{230}_{90}Th\) + \(2^{4}_{2}He\) + \(2^{o}_{-1e}Th\)

\(\alpha\) [articles = 2

\(\beta\) particles = 2

(b)(i) Equilibrium positicn shifts to the right and more of AB\(_3\) is formed or decrease in concentration of A\(_2\)

(ii) Equilibrium shifts to the left and more of A\(_2\) and; B\(_2\) formed / decrease in concentration of AB\(_3\)

(iii) No effect. Catalyst affects both forward and backward reactions equally.

(c) For a constant cation Na\(^+\) lattice energy decreases with ircreases in size of the anion / decrease in electronegativity of the anion.

F\(^-\), Br\(^-\), I\(^-\) increasing order of size. Hence the decreasing crder ofilattice energy.

(d)(i) NO\(_2\) is an oxidizing agent

(ii) NO\(_2\) is acting as an oxidizing as well as reducing agents OR acid anhydride.

(e)(i) Fe\(_2\) O\(_3\) + 3CO --> 2Fe + 3CO\(_2\)

(ii) CaCO\(_3\) —› CaO + CO\(_2\), CaO + SiO\(_2\) \(\to\) CaSiO3

(iii) C + O\(_2\) —> CO\(_2\), CO\(_2\) + C \(\to\) 2CO

(f) Coke I Coal Tar / Coal Gas /Ammonical Liquor

(ii) Coke — Solid fuels I production of water gas, extraction of ME Coal Tar — Synthesis of chemicals — perfumes, dyes, paints, drugs, plastic and explosives, etc. Coal Gas — as fuels in homes and industries

Ammonical liquor — production of (NH\(_4\))\(_2\) SO\(_4\) for fertilizer

Correct Answer: B) gases will occupy any available space

Correct Answer: A. Electron

Correct Answer: B. 0.10 mol

Correct Answer: B) Addition

Explanation

The reaction between C₂H₄ (ethylene) and halogens is anaddition reaction, which is the correct answer (Option B). In an addition reaction, the halogen molecules break the double bond in ethylene, and the halogen atoms bond to the carbon atoms. This process results in the formation of a new compound with a single bond between the carbon atoms.

For example, when ethylene reacts with chlorine (Cl₂), the following addition reaction occurs:

\(C_2H_4 + Cl_2 \rightarrow C_2H_4Cl_2\)

The product formed is 1,2-dichloroethane, and the double bond in ethylene has been replaced with single bonds.

It is important to note the differences between the other options and the correct answer:

Substitution reactions involve the replacement of one atom or group of atoms with another, while maintaining the overall structure of the molecule. This type of reaction is common with saturated hydrocarbons, such as alkanes.

Polymerization reactions involve the combination of many smaller molecules (monomers) to form a larger molecule (polymer). While ethylene can undergo polymerization to form polyethylene, this is not the reaction that takes place with halogens.

Oxidation reactions involve the loss of electrons, often through the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen atoms. The reaction between ethylene and halogens does not involve oxidation.

Correct Answer: A) the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

Explanation

This Chemistry question is about chemical equilibrium. The question is asking when a reaction is in equilibrium. There are four options provided as answers, and we are to choose the correct one.

Chemical equilibrium is a state in which the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant with time. In other words, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. Therefore, Option A is the correct answer.

Option B is incorrect because if the reaction rates of the forward and backward reaction are zero, then the reaction has stopped and is not in equilibrium. Option C is also incorrect because reversible reactions can be in equilibrium or not depending on the rates of the forward and backward reactions. Option D is incorrect because a reaction that does not produce any product again is a reaction that has stopped.

In summary, the correct answer to this question is Option A, which says that a reaction is in equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

Correct Answer: C. 3