Correct Answer: C. produce spores that are dispersed

Correct Answer: C) fovea centralis

Explanation

The most light sensitive part of the retina is an area in the centre of the retinal surface which is packed with smaller sized hexagonal cone cells. This part is called the fovea centralis or simply the fovea.

Explanation

(a) Definition of terms:

(i)Elimination: Removal of undigested food; from the body of living organisms.

(ii)Excretion: Removal of waste products of metabolism; from the cells/tissues of an organism; may be toxic if retained in the body.

(iii)Secretion: Production and release of substances; useful to the body; by specialized glands of living organism.

(b) Digestion of boiled fish in the gut of humans:Boiled fish is a source of protein; chewed and swallowed into the stomach; digestion of protein starts from the stomach; stomach secrets gastric juice; containing pepsin, rennin and hydrochloric acid; pepsin in acidic medium acts on the boiled fish and convert it to peptides; peptides move into the duodenum/small intestine; into which pancreatic juice is secreted; undigested protein is acted upon by trypsin in alkaline medium; into peptides/peptones, erepsin finally acts on peptides/peptones in alkaline medium; and converts it into amino acids.

(c) Diagram of villus

Title TL: - Longitudinal section of villus. Size: (8 — 10cm long).

Quality (Q): Clarity of lines. Neatness of labels.

Details: Epithelium layer shown (EL) Conical shape of villus (one cell thick) (CV).

Labels (L): Epithelium layer blood capillary, lacteal, lymphatic vessels, goblet cells, venule, arteriols, cryps of lieberkuhn, cells of paneth, muscularis mucosa.

Correct Answer: A) strengthening the stem

Explanation

The question is asking about one of the functions of xylem. Xylem is a type of plant tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. It is made up of specialized cells called tracheids and vessel elements that form tubes for the movement of water. Option A states that one of the functions of xylem is strengthening the stem, and this is the correct answer. Xylem provides structural support to the stem, ensuring that it remains upright and can withstand the weight of leaves, flowers, and fruits. In addition to water transport, xylem also plays a role in mechanical support. Option B, manufacturing food, is incorrect. This function is carried out by the chloroplasts in the leaves and is not related to xylem. Option C, conducting manufactured food, is also incorrect. This function is carried out by another type of plant tissue called phloem. Phloem transports the food produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots. Option D, none of the above, is incorrect as we have identified the correct option to be option A. In summary, the function of xylem is to transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and to provide structural support to the stem.

Correct Answer: B. cutaneous respiration

Correct Answer: D. title and margin

Correct Answer: C. Sunlight

Correct Answer: C. shade-loving species

Correct Answer: C. Water moves into the cell and the cell becomes turgid

Explanation

(a)(i) Types of germination with examples: Epigeal germination e.g. cowpea/bean seed. Hypogeal germination e.g maize grain/wheat/oil palm/guinea corn.

(ii) Experiment to demonstrate factors necessary for germination:

• Some dry cotton wool are placed at the bottom of each of conical flasks labeled A,B,C and D.
• In flask A, few/2 to 4 bean seeds are placed on dry cotton wool; the flask is placed in a warm place.
• In flask B the cotton wool is moistened together with the seeds in it
• Test tube containing pyrogailic acid and caustic soda/pyrogaliol is suspended in flask B; to absorb oxygen; flask B is put in a warm place
• In flask C a little water is placed on the cotton wool and seeds and it is placed in a warm place; In flask D a little water is poured on the seeds to moisten them and it is placed in the refrigerator
• the four flasks are observed for four to five days/few days; only the seeds in flask C germinated. This shows that oxygen, water/moisture and warmth are necessary for seed germination.

(b)(i) Epiphytes: -

• A plant which grows on/supported by another plant/lives on trees
• Where it competes with other producers for sunlight
• It does not take manufactured food from the support plant
• It is capable of photosynthesis.

(ii) Parasites: -

• An organism that lives on or in another organism is called a host
• it obtains shelter/protection/food from the host At the expense of the host/leading to harm/death of the host.

(c) Examples of plant parasites: -

Dodder

Striga

Mistletoe

Cassytha