Correct Answer: D. K

Correct Answer: C. chlorophyll

Explanation

Food chain: This is a linear feeding relationship; in which energy is transferred from producer/plants; through a series of organisms/trophic levels; in which each organism feeds on the preceding one; and provides food for the succeeding one in the habitat.

Terrestrial food chain:Terrestrial organism correctly named (TN) - Producer listed first correctly named primary consumer; secondary consumer; and tertiary consumer/decomposer; correct direction of arrows (CA)

(c)(i) Flow of energy: Energy flow is unidirectional/non-cyclic; it is either utilized; or stored. Light energy from the sun is absorbed by chlorophyll in green plants; and used in photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates; the chemical energy in the carbohydrate is passed down the food chain; when the primary consumers feed on the plants/producer; the chemical energy is passed along the food chain to the secondary consumer; and then to the tertiary consumer/decomposer.

(ii) Energy loss: -Energy is lost at each tropic level - when a herbivore/primary consumer feeds on a plant/producer; not all parts of the plant is eaten; as a result not all the energy in the plant/ producer is consumed; plants lose energy via respiration, do not utilize all the energy present in preceding members; energy is also lost in respiration; excretion, movement; and other metabolic activities.

Explanation

(a) How the human ear carries out its function of balancing;

- Head movement in any direction affect the fluid/endolymph, In the semi-circular canals, Which are at right angles to each other, The movement forces the sensory/hair cells in the ampulla to set up the impulses, The brain interprets the impulses and relays the impulses to the body muscles for balancing.

(b)(i) Diagram of the Human Ear;

(b)(ii) Description of the structure of the middle ear; The middle ear is an air filled chamber, It connects the ear drum of the oval window fenestra ovalis. It contains three bones/hammer/malleus, anvil/incus and stapes/stirrup/ear ossicles. The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane/tympanum/eardrum. Each of the bones has direct contact with the one next to it, the eustachian tube is formed at the base of the middle ear . The eustachian tube links the ear to the throat/pharynx.

Explanation

(ii) A hybrid is the offspring/progeny from a cross between two organisms/parents, which are genotypically different/having unlike traits/character

(iii) Dominant character is the feature/trait expressed by the hybrid/offspring/progeny, in the presence of its alternative form.

(c) Benefits of genetics in agriculture.

(i) It promotes cross breeding to produce offsprings of superior characters/hybrid vigour

(ii) It enhances animal/crop selection to obtain varieties of animals/crops with qualities such as early maturity higher yield, resistance to diseases

(iii) It leads to the development of genetic engineering which introduce genes of desired trait/character into an organism

(iv) In-breeding of desirable strains to obtain pure breed.

Correct Answer: C. calcium

Correct Answer: D) water is lost along with salts in the form of sweat

Explanation

Workers in deep mines usually suffer from dehydration because they lose water in their body. When we say someone is dehydrated, it means that their body does not have enough water. Dehydration can happen when someone doesn't drink enough water, loses too much water, or a combination of both. In this case, the question is asking why workers in deep mines usually suffer from dehydration. The answer is that they lose water in the form of sweat, and this water loss is often accompanied by salt loss. When we sweat, we lose water from our body in order to cool ourselves down. This is a natural process that happens to everyone, but it can be more extreme in certain situations, such as when working in a deep mine. Option A, water loss due to evaporation, is not the correct answer because evaporation refers to the process by which a liquid turns into a gas. While sweat on the skin can evaporate, leading to some water loss, this is not the primary reason why workers in deep mines suffer from dehydration. Option B, water loss due to defecation, is also not the correct answer. While it is true that we lose some water when we go to the bathroom, this is not a significant source of water loss compared to sweating. Option C, water loss in the form of sweat, is partially correct. Sweat is indeed the primary way in which workers in deep mines lose water. However, the correct answer is Option D because this option specifies that water is lost along with salts in the form of sweat. This is important because when we sweat, we don't just lose water - we also lose electrolytes like sodium and potassium. If we don't replace these electrolytes, we can become dehydrated even if we drink enough water. In summary, workers in deep mines usually suffer from dehydration because they lose water in the form of sweat, and this water loss is often accompanied by salt loss. The correct answer to the question is Option D: water is lost along with salts in the form of sweat.

Correct Answer: B. its cells are linked together by cytoplasmic strands

Correct Answer: C. Molds

Explanation

Abiotic factors are non-living and molds are living.

Correct Answer: A) Virus

Explanation

Bird flu, also known as avian influenza, is a viral infection that affects birds. The question is asking about the causative agent of bird flu, which means the organism responsible for causing the disease. The options given are Virus, Bacteria, Fungus, Protozoan, and Ricketsia. The correct answer is option A, Virus. Bird flu is caused by a type of influenza virus that primarily infects birds, but can also infect humans and other animals. These viruses are highly contagious and can spread from birds to humans through direct contact with infected birds or their droppings, or through consumption of contaminated poultry products. It's important to note that while bird flu can be a serious disease for both birds and humans, not all types of avian influenza viruses are harmful. Some strains of bird flu are mild and may not cause any symptoms in birds or humans. However, some strains can be highly pathogenic and cause severe illness and death in birds and humans. In summary, the causative agent of bird flu is a virus, specifically a type of influenza virus that primarily infects birds but can also affect humans and other animals.