Correct Answer: A. community

Explanation

A community in ecology refers to a group of different species that inhabit the same geographic area and interact with one another. These species share a common habitat and are interconnected through various ecological relationships. In a community, the interactions between different species can be complex and can include competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

Correct Answer: D. Hypertonic solution

Correct Answer: D. Kidney

Correct Answer: A) Pericarp and seed coat are fused

Explanation

The question is asking which statement is true of caryopsis. A caryopsis is a type of fruit that is found in grasses and cereal crops such as wheat, rice, and maize. It is a dry, one-seeded fruit that does not split open when it is mature. Option A states that pericarp and seed coat are fused. The pericarp is the outer layer of the fruit that develops from the ovary wall and protects the seed. The seed coat is the protective outer layer of the seed. This option is correct because in a caryopsis, the pericarp and seed coat are fused together, making them difficult to separate. Option B states that the pericarp is free from the seed coat. This statement is incorrect because, in a caryopsis, the pericarp and seed coat are fused, as mentioned in option A. Option C states that the pericarp splits open. This statement is incorrect because, in a caryopsis, the pericarp does not split open when it is mature. Instead, it remains intact around the seed. Option D states that the pericarp has a superior ovary. The ovary is the part of the flower that houses the ovules which eventually become seeds. A superior ovary means that the ovary is positioned above the attachment point of the other floral parts. This statement is not relevant to the characteristics of a caryopsis and is therefore incorrect. In summary, the correct answer to the question is option A, which states that the pericarp and seed coat are fused. This is a characteristic of a caryopsis, which is a type of dry, one-seeded fruit found in grasses and cereal crops.

Explanation

(a) Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus - By conjugation;

• It is usually between two strains of hyphae
• Known as + and - plus and minus/ opposite mating types
• The hyphae come in contact
• And produce small projections of their walls
• Which develop into progametangia with several nuclei
• The two progametangia enlarge
• Each progametangium develops a cross wall to divide into two parts; the gametangium and suspensor
• Subsequently the wall dissolves/breaks; and their contents/nuclei fuse to form a zygote
• The zygote develops a thick wall to form a resistant zygospore
• The zygospore germinates during favourable / damp / wet condition
• Into hyphae which bear sporangia.

(b) (i) Name of hormone Adrenalin /Adrenaline

(ii) Part where hormone is produced Adrenal gland/Medulla.

(iii) Changes that must have taken place as a result of the hormone

• Increase in heart beat
• Increase in rate of respiration
• Arterioles of skin and alimentary canal constrict
• Dilation of blood vessels that cause more blood to flow to the muscles/heart/lungs
• Increase in muscular tone/voluntary muscles become tensed
• Glycogen is converted to glucose/increase in blood sugar level
• To produce more energy
• Dilation of pupils of the eye
• Momentary freight/fear/anxiety/heavy breathing
• Spleen releases more Red Blood Cells from its reserve
• Increase in blood pressure

(c) (i) Differences between excretion in flowering plants and excretion in humans.

(ii) Organelles in plant cells responsible for excretion of metabolic wastes.

Mitochondrion/ mitochondria; chloroplast/ chloroplasts.

Correct Answer: C. Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Correct Answer: D) have no seeds

Explanation

Fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns are all groups of organisms that share certain features. One of these features is that they all lack seeds, which is what Option D correctly states. Unlike flowering plants, which produce seeds, these groups of organisms reproduce through other means such as spores or fragmentation. Fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns also share the feature of being able to survive harsh weather conditions. Some of them can even survive extreme conditions like drought or extreme cold. However, not all of them are photosynthetic. While algae and some species of fungi can perform photosynthesis, others like mosses and ferns cannot. Another feature that some of these groups share is alternation of generations, which is a complex life cycle involving both haploid and diploid stages. This life cycle is present in some types of algae and ferns, but it is not a universal feature among all the groups mentioned in the question. Finally, the option conjugate is not related to any of the features shared by these groups of organisms. Therefore, it is not the correct answer to the question. In summary, the correct answer to the question is Option D because fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns do not have seeds.

Correct Answer: B. Allopatric speciation occurs when species are separated geographically whereas sympatric speciation occurs without geographical separation.

Explanation

Allopatric speciation occurs when two populations are separated geographically and diverge over time due to natural selection, genetic drift, and mutations. This may be due to a mountain range forming, a river, or any sort of geographic barrier. Sympatric speciation involves populations diverging without any sort of geographical barrier. Both occur today and both likely occurred in the past as well.

Correct Answer: C. transpiration of a single shoot of a plant under different experimental conditions

Correct Answer: C. A ribosome bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Explanation

The correct answer is a ribosome bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with bound ribosomes, giving it its