Explanation

(a)Farm mechanisation is the application of engineering principles and technology in agricultural production, storage rnd processing on the farm. It is applicable to land preparation, planting, fertilizer application, weeding and crop harvesting, rearing, care and feeding of animals as well as processing and storage of farm produce using appropriate farm machinery.

b)(i) The advantages of farm mechanization are:

(1) It increases production of large quantity of food;

(2) The yield is maximised by using more efficient farm operators;

(3) Farm labour output per man hour is increased;

(4) Timelines of operations is enhanced;

(5) Elimination or minimization of human drudgery in form of work;

(6) increases the revenue base of farmers;

(7) Large acreage/hectarage of farms can be cultivated;

(8) accomplishes lots of work with less human labour;

(9) Certain farm operations can only be accomplished by mechanized devices;

(10) There is reduction in the cost of agricultural operations per unit output;

(11) usually improves the quality of some farm produce e.g. rice processing;

(12) It releases labour to other sectors of the economy;

(13) It saves time and quickens operations;

(14 promotes specialization in farm operations.

(ii) Disadvantages of farm mechanization are:

(1) It causes damage crops if care is not taken;

(2) It can also cause injury of fruits during harvest and the injury can serve as a source infection;

(3) The machines are costly to purchase

(4)inadequate technical know -how on the use and handling of the machines and equipment;

(5) inadequate spare or replacement parts;

(6) high cost of maintenance of machines

(7) It aids the spread of pests and diseases through contaminated machines;

(8) It does not need human labour to control it

(9) This can lead to unemployment;

(10) reliance on fuel whose supply is not always stable;

(11) It can lead to environmental pollution;

(12) leads to soil compaction and destruction of soil structure.

Correct Answer: B. provision of nuritents for spermatozoa survival

Correct Answer: B. vaccination

Correct Answer: D. 33.3%

Correct Answer: D. I, II and III

Explanation

I, II and III will decrease in efficiency due to constant use

Explanation

(a)(i) Meaning of incubation in poultry production: This is the process of providing optimum conditions of temperature, air flow and atmospheric humidity for fertilized eggs to hatch into chicks either by natural or artificial means.

(ii) Advantages and disadvantages of natural incubation:

Advantages: Labour requirement is low. It is cheap. No risk of power failure. Maintenance cost is low. Does not require special skill/expertise. Favourable conditions for hatching are naturally provided.

Disadvantages: Unpredictable number of eggs are hatched. Process cannot be programmed. There is risk of predators/ parasites. Not suitable for commercial production. Low hatchability of eggs. Eggs are often exposed to adverse weather conditions. Few eggs are usually layed for incubation. Possibility of abandonment of i eggs is high. Pecking and sucking of the eggs by the hen.

(b) Factors that affect pasture establishment in West Africa:- Quality of pasture seed. - Water/ Rainfall. - Temperature. - Light. - Soil physical properties. - Pest. - Diseases/pathogens. - Competition for soil nutrients. - Prevalence of weeds.

(c) Causal organism and Symptoms of Brucellosis and Newcastle Diseases

Correct Answer: B. 20,000

Explanation

(a) Diagram of the stomach of a named ruminant e.g Goat, Sheep, Cattle

The rumen (pounch): It has several tongue-like projections called papillae. It also has a soft towel-like appearance. It is the largest and the first compartment of the stomach.

Reticulum (honeycomb): This is lined with a mucosal layer which is formed into hexagonal chamber that looks like honeycomb. It is the second compartment. Omasum (manypiles):

The omasum is the third and small-est compartment. It has several "leaves" or laminae/layers.

Abomasum: This is the only glandular stomach. It is synonymous with simple stomach of monogastric animals. The abomasum is the fourth and last compartment of the stomach.

(b) Functions of the first compartment (the rumen) of the stomach of a ruminant are: (i) Fermentation brought about by micro-organisms takes place in the rumen. (ii) It is used for temporary storage of feed before regurgitation for proper rechewing. (iii) volatile fatty acids and other gases are produced in the rumen as a result of fermentation. (iv) Absorption of volatile fatty acids takes place through the walls of the rumen. (v) Some vitamins, e.g. vitamin B, are produced in the rumen. (vi) Breakdown of cellulose takes place in rumen.

Correct Answer: C. zygote

Correct Answer: D. Never innovators