Correct Answer: D. provide deficient nutrients

Explanation

(a) Reasons for rearing goats in West Africa: For meat (food) production, for skin production, for milk production, highly prolific; producing twins & triplets two times a year, hardy animals which are exceptionally healthy, easier to keep, high economic value/feeding cost is low, for festivals and sacrificial offerings, for prestige purposes, for income, for employment, for educational purposes e.g. teaching and research.

(b) Advantages of the extensive system of rearing goats: (i) low cost of labour (ii) low cost of feeding (iii) low capital investment e.g. housing (iv) ensures fair distribution of manure, manure (waste) is used for fertilizer. Disadvantages of the extensive system of rearing goats: (i) it is difficult to implement a planned breeding programme (ii) there is little effort to control pests (iii) animals fall victim to thieves and predators (iv) it is difficult to control disease outbreak (v) lot of effort needed in controlling the animals (vi) productivity of animal is low i.e. low growth in meat and milk production.

(c) Characteristics of West African breed of cattle: (i) very hardy (ii) have greater tolerance to heat and humidity (iii) tolerant to some diseases e g. trypanosomiasis (iv) withstand stress and can travel long distances without water (v) late maturing (vi) have compact/blocky shape body (vii) are mostly of dual purpose (produce meat and milk) (viii) generally long legged animals (ix) some are humped (x) powerful shoulder for use as draught animals (xi) loose, thin and pigmented skin (xii) low milk yields/small udder (xiii) slow growth rate (xiv) small body weight

Explanation

(a)(i) Effects of water on crop production are: (1) Water dissolves soil nutrients for easy absorption by plant roots (2) Water is needed by plant for metabolism. (3) It is needed by plant in large amount in the physiological process of transportation. (4) Plants are protected from injurious effects of high temperature by water. (5) Water is needed for germination of seeds. (6) Water is needed for translocation of food substances in plants. (7) It helps to maintain turgidity of plant parts.

(ii) Effects of air on crop production are: (1) Air must be present in the soil for the respiration of micro-organisms which enhance crop growth through enhancing mineralization. (2) It provides a favourable environment for root development and the absorption of nutrients. (3) Air is needed for root respiration. (4) Seeds require air for germination. (5) Air supplies carbon-dioxide for photosynthesis.

(iii) Effects of soil living organisms on crop production are: (1) Soil living organisms help in the decomposition of soil organic matter. (2) Some soil living organisms involved in soil mineralization. (3) They improve soil structure, aeration and the rate of water percolation and infiltration of soils. (4) Some soil living organisms are involved in nitrogen-fixation in the root nodules of legumes. (5) Some microbes, e.g. nematodes, cause crop diseases. (6) Some cause loss of soil nitrogen through denitrification, 7) Some soil living organisms are involved in nitrification of ammonia to nitrites and nitrites to nitrate.

(b)(i) Edaphic factors that affect crop production are: Soil pH, soil structure, soil texture, soil consistency (ii) Climatic factors that affect production are: Rainfall, temperature, light, wind, altitude.

Explanation

(b) Forms in which water exists in the soil are: (I) hygroscopic water(ii) capillary water. (iii) gravitational water.

(c) Importance of water to crops are:

(i) provides medium for absorption of mineral salts.

(ii) facilitates the transfer of nutrients to other parts of the plants where they are used in various metabolic processes.

(iii) water is an essential raw material in the process of photosynthesis.

(iv) used for hydrolizing food substances such as starch, proteins, fats and oils for easy transportation to other parts of the plant.

(v) water facilitates enzymatic activities occuring in crop plants.

(vi) it is a constituent of plant protoplasm.

(vii) the loss of water through transpi-ration is important for keeping the stomata open in gaseous exchange for respiration and photosynthesis.

(viii) it has a cooling effect on crops.

(ix) it helps to maintain plant turgor/turgidity.

Correct Answer: D. banana blight

Correct Answer: A. boiling

Correct Answer: B. price of cassava

Correct Answer: D. inbreeding

Correct Answer: D. Urine

Explanation

Urine can be used as a starter or compost activator in the method of compost making. Human urine is rich in nitrogen, which is an essential element for the composting process. Nitrogen is a key component that helps promote the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms responsible for breaking down organic matter in the compost pile.

Correct Answer: B. egg-nymph-adult