Explanation

(a) Effects of feed shortage in animal production are as follows:

(i) It leads to low birth weight i loss of weight

(ii) It results In poor reproduction / delayed puberty/late maturity.

(iii) Also poor milk, meet and egg production is recorded / this leads to drastic reduction In livestock production.

(iv) Feed shortage equally precipitates high death rates

(v) Related to the above is also Increased susceptibility to diseases

(vi) Generally there is slow growth rate of live-stock

(vii) draft animals become weak and unable to work.

(b) Area of specialisation in agriculture with their contribution to agricultural development.

Correct Answer: C. enables farmers to acquire loans from the bank

Correct Answer: D. increase in body size

Correct Answer: D. improvement of soil structure

Explanation

(a) Effects of rural-urban migration on agricultural production: (i) scarcity of labourers leading to high labour cost (ii) high cost of labour will lead to high cost of production (iii) decreased food and cash crop production (iv) decreased animal production (v) decrease in export and hence GDP (Gross Domestic Product) (vi) poor adoption of agricultural innovations.

(b)(i) Effect of demand on production given a constant supply situation: (1) increase in demand results in increase in agricultural production and (2) decrease in demand results in decrease in agricultural production. (ii) Effect of supply on production given a constant demand: (1) demand is directly proportional to income such that more demand means more income and (2) less demand leads to less income.

(c)(i) Effect of demand on farmers' income when price is constant: (1 )demand is directly proportional to income such that more demand means more income and (2) less demand leads to less income (ii) Effects of supply on farmer's income when demand is constant: (1) increased supply decreases income as prices fall and. the perishable produce will waste away and (2) decrease in supply leads to higher income as price rises.

(d) Roles of a manager in a farm enterprise: (1) plans when and what to produce/decision making (2) supervises the duties of staff (3) co-ordination of farm activities (4) ensures effective combination of resources (5) determines the quantity of and what to sell and buy/ farm gate price (6) determines for how much a produce should be sold (7) ensures adequate record keeping (8) supervises the accounting system (9) budgets for the farm (10) organizes various tasks of the farm enterprise.

Correct Answer: D. the bacteria in their rumen synthesize the vitamins

Correct Answer: C. deforestation

Explanation

(a) Distinction between field pest and storage pest:

A field pest is any organism which causes damage to crops when still on the field before harvesting whereas, a storage pest is any organism which causes damage to farm produce in storage.

(b) Reasons for early harvesting of maize from the field:

-To minimize/prevent/control pest attack

-To minimize/prevent/control disease outbreak

-To obtain fresh cobs for human consumption

-To avoid bad weather

(c) Description of methods of crop improvement:

(i) lintroduction

- Involves taking a crop from areas where it has been existing to areas where it has not been existing

- This is possible if the environmental conditions in such areas are similar to those of the plant's original home

- Pollen can be collected and shipped to other areas for artificial pollination

- Plants are allowed into most countries only after they t have passed quarantine tests

(ii) Cross breeding

- Involves the transfer of heritable traits from one plant to another of the same species but different varieties through the fusion of their male and female gametes

- It is used to upgrade species of plants which have qualities such as high yield, disease-resistance and heat/drought! wind tolerance

- Pollen grains from plants with desirable qualities can be collected and transferred manually to the stigma of the flower of another plant of the same species which might be lacking in such character, but has its own special trait such as adaptation to a particular environment

- Offspring with the desirable qualities is selected for propagation

(d) Factors that should be considered when selecting a crop variety for a locality

- Resistance to diseases

- Tolerance to pests

- Adaptability to climatic conditions

- Adaptability to soil requirements

- Superior yield

- Superior quality

- Early maturity

-Uniform growth habit

-Cost of production/other factors of production

-Taste of consumers

-Cultural taboos

-Availability of planting materials

-Availability of land

-Ability to smother weeds

Correct Answer: B. antiseptics

Correct Answer: C. phosphate fertilizer