Correct Answer: C. just after seed maturation

Correct Answer: C. rainfall

Explanation

a.

Vertical method

Sales and Receipts-----------------------N---------------N

Sale of eggs--------------------------240000

Sale of spent layers----------------100000

Eggs consumed by farmer---------10,000

Closing valuation------------------600,000------------950,000

Less Purchases and Expenses

Opening valuation----------------400,000

Cost of point-of-lay---------------200,000

Cost of feed-------------------------150,000

Cost of drugs-------------------------10,000

Transportation costs---------------10,000

Wages paid to workers-------------80,000

Net profit----------------------------------------------850,000

----------------------------------------------------------100,000

b.

-Inadequate farm records Unpredictable weather

-Illiteracy of farmers/low level of education of farmers.

-Long gestation period of some crops

-Poor agricultural know-how by bank personnel

-Uncertainties/risks associated with agriculture

-Problems of pests

-Problem of diseases

-Diversion of loans for other purposes

-Absence of crop insurance

-Unregistered farming enterprises

-Inadequate collaterals

c.

-Leafy leguminous vegetable

-Vigorous/aggressive growth

-Seeds are dispersed by explosive mechanism

-Good cover crop

-Resistant to drought

-Tolerant of shade

-Possesses hairless stem and leaves

-Creepy and twining legume

-Possesses trifoliate leaves which are attached to the stem

-Dicotyledonous plant

-Palatable to farm animals

-Purplish and reddish flowers

-Perennial

Explanation

(a) (i) Meaning of an Agricultural system: This is method of farming evolved by different communities in their efforts to obtain the highest possible returns from their lands and animals for their food, shelter, clothing and fuel needs, without compromising the fertility and productivity of the soil.

(ii) Agricultural systems practised in West Africa:

- Shifting cultivation

- Continuous cropping

- Monocropping

- Mixed cropping

- Pastoral farming

- Ranching

- Agro-forestry

- Taungya system

- Bush fallowing/land rotation

- Crop rotation

- Monoculture

- Mixed farming

-Nomadic herding

- Ley farming

-Alley cropping

- Ecological/Organic farming

(b) Ways in which Non-Governmental Organizations contribute to agricultural production:

- Carry out research to produce new varieties of crops.

-Carry out research to produce new breeds of livestock.

- Control pests through the production of pest-resistant varieties of crops.

- Control diseases through the production of disease-resistant varieties of crops.

- Provide agricultural extension services.

- Assist in rural development through provision of social amenities such as water and health centres.

- Develop appropriate farming system.

- Provide loan/fund/input for agricultural production.

(c) Functions of the components of an incubator (I) Counter - Used in recording the number of days of incubation. (ii) Thermostat - Regulates the temperature of the incubator. (iii) Hygrometer - Measures the humidity in the incubator. (iv) Egg tray - Used in filling eggs. That is, eggs are arranged in it. (v) Heater Supplies warmth Constantly to the incubator.

Correct Answer: B. seeds

Explanation

(a) Difference between subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture

Subsistence Agriculture

• Production is mainly for family consumption
• Less capital is required
• Uses family labour/unskilled labour
• Use of local breeds of animals
• Use of local crop varieties
• Hardly use agro-chemicals/Cultural methods are used to control pests and diseases
• Records are rarely kept Use of primitive/local tools
• Poor housing facilities for rearing animals
• Peasant farmers are involved
• Doer not require improved processing facilities
• Does not involve any marketing Uses crude storage facilities
• Yield per unit area is low
• Food crops are produced
• Small area of land is cultivated
• Use of inorganic fertilizers is limited

Commercial Agriculture

• Production is mainly for sale
• Huge amount of capital is required
• Skilled/hired labour is employed
• Use of exotic/improved breeds of animals
• Use of improved crop varieties
• Mostly use agro-chemicals
• Records are kept Mechanized/use of machines
• Modern housing facilities for rearing animals
• Farmers involved may be rich
• Requires improved processing facilities
• Requires organised market Uses modern storage facilities
• Yield per unit area is high
• Cash crops are produced
• Large area of land may be cultivated
• Frequent use of inorganic fertilizers

(b) Possible solutions to each of the following problems of agricultural development in West Africa

(i) Inadequate land:

- Leasehold land tenure system should be encouraged to enable farmers to acquire land for temporary use

- Land rates/rents should be reduced especially for agricultural purposes

- Government laws on land use should be made favourable to enable farmers acquire land easily

- Farmers should form co-operative societies to enable them pull their resources together to acquire large hectares of land for cultivation

- Farm settlements should be established to facilitate acquisition of land by farmers

- Creation of land banks

(ii)Inadequate finance;

- Agricultural banks should be established by the government to provide loans to farmers with minimum collateral

- Farmers should form co-operative societies to enable them access credit facilities

- Subsidies should be given to farmers by government/other agencies

- Agricultural insurance scheme/policies should be made available to farmers

- Commercial banks should be encouraged to give loans to farmers at low interest rates

-Grants should be given to farmers either in cash or in kind

(iii) Incidence of diseases

- Diseases resistant varieties of crops and breeds of animals should be developed for farmers by government and research institutes

- Plant protection chemicals and livestock drugs should be provided for farmers b government non-governmental agencies

- Vaccines should be produced locally to prevent livestock diseases

- Veterinary services should be provided to livestock farmers

- Extension workers should assist farmers in the detection and control of crop and animal diseases

- Cultural measures/practices used in controlling abiotic components of the environment crop diseases should be embraced by farmers

(c) Definition of Agricultural Ecology It is study of the relationships and interactions between crops and animals and their biotic and abiotic components of the environment

(d)(i) Sources of pollution of agricultural lands and fish ponds

Oil spillage, Improper sewage disposal, Improper livestock waste disposal, Excessive application of pesticides, Excessive application of fertilizers, Excessive application of herbicides, Improper dumping of toxic wastes, Improper disposal of industrial waste/effluent

Correct Answer: A. P

Explanation

FCR for P = 20/50=2/5=0.4

FCR for Q = 30/90=1/3=0.33

FCR for R = 25/100=1/4- 0.25

FCR for S = 30/150=1/5=0.2

Option A is correct because P has the highest FCR

Correct Answer: D. Mulching

Correct Answer: D. debeaking

Correct Answer: D. continued adoption of the communal land holdig system