Correct Answer: C. chicken

Explanation

(a) Definition of terms as used in Animal Health

(i) Pests: Pests are organisms, which through their feeding habits, cause physical damage and/or discomfort to other organisms called hosts,

(ii) Pathogens: These are micro-organisms that cause diseases in farm animals

(iii) Vectors: Vectors are also pests, which besides causing physical damage to the host, transmit disease causing organisms to farm animals.

(iv) Parasites: Parasites are a class of organisms that five on or in their host permanently. They establish a physiological relationship with the hosts and rely on them totally for food and protection.

(b) Examples of Pests: - Mites, Lice, Ticks, Houseflies, Mosquitoes, Sandflies, Tsetse flies

Pathogens: - Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa

Vectors: - Tsetseflies, Ticks, Mites, Fleas

Parasites: - Ticks, Dice, Mites, Fleas, Liverflukes, Tapeworms - Roundworms.

(c) Steps involved in silage making:

• Dig the silage pit
• Cut the fresh grass/forage before flowering
• Wilt for few hours/day
• Collect the wilted forage and lay it at the bottom of the pit to a reasonable level
• Add ash/urea sprinkled on it
• Compress and add another layer of wilted forage, compress and add further ash/urea-fertilizer
• Add more wilted forage, ash/urea and compress until pit is filled
• Finally compress and then cover with tarpaulin or plastic polythene sheet
• Leave to ferment with minimum of 2 - 4 weeks

Correct Answer: A. Pepsin

Correct Answer: A. poultry

Correct Answer: C. it encourages long term planning

Correct Answer: B. Has multiple uses

Correct Answer: B. start of oestrus cycle

Explanation

(a)(i) Explanation of malnutrition in animal production: Malnutrition is an unhealthy condition caused by feeding farm animals on wrong kinds of ration, on inadequate feed, or even on too much feed. OR Malnutrition occurs when animal fails to utilize food nutrients because of ill-health, even though the nutrients may be available in the feed.

(ii) Effects of malnutrition on farm animals: Slow or retarded growth. Loss of weight/emaciation. Low production/ reduced egg laying in birds/decrease in milk production in cow, etc. High mortality rate in young animals. High susceptibility to disease attack. Physical deformities such as rickets, osteomalacia, etc.

(b) Methods of rangeland improvement: (i) Rotational grazing: Rangeland is divided into units called paddocks. Animals are grazed on each paddock on rotational basis. Grazing in the rangeland should be planned and strictly adhered to. The previously grazed paddock should regenerate before the animals are returned there.

(ii) Reseeding: This is planting seeds of grasses and legumes in a depleted rangeland. It is a way to improve the quality of the pasture with improved seeds of legumes and grasses. The rangeland is allowed to rest for good growth of the sown grass and legume species.

(iii) Controlled stocking: Number of animals in the range should be controlled. Rangeland should be stocked to its maximum carrying capacity. Over-stocking should be avoided to check depletion of rangeland, Over-stocking should be discouraged to prevent disease, pest and parasite infestations. Over-stocking may lead to soil degradation/erosion.

(c) Objectives of animal improvement programmes in West Africa: The objectives are to: (i) improve the quality of the products.(ii) increase livestock production (iii) increase feed utilization efficiency, (iv) increase resistance to diseases,. (v) improve prolificacy in animals, (vi) improve on the body conformation of animals. (vii) increase tolerance to pests. (viii) increase adaptation to climatic conditions. (ix) upgrade the existing stock.

Correct Answer: A. cool weather

Correct Answer: A) water