(a) List four modes of transportation (b) Identify four constraints to inland water navigation. (c)...

Explanation

- silting of river mouths

- problems of piracy

- presence of rapids, cataracts, waterfalls/dams

- fluctuations in the volumes of rivers

- presence of water weeds e.g. water hyacinth

- competition with other modes of transport

- slow speed

- freezing of rivers and lakes

- narrow gorges

- shallow nature of most river valleys

- non-flexibility

- presence of dangerous aquatic animals

- adverse weather conditions

- limited capital

- short courses of rivers

- rivers flowing through areas of limited commercial activities

- poor maintenance culture

- low patronage

- hazards of tree stumps

- poor navigational aids

- poor management

The solutions to the constraints are:

- dredging to increase depth of rivers

- traffic control on rivers to check piracy

- channelization to avoid rapids and waterfalls

- removal of water weeds with herbicides/machines

- improving the technology of speed boat engines to increase speed

- dredging of more canals for accessibility

- policing water ways

- use of dams and reservoirs to control water levels

- introduction of comfortable boats

- use of ice breakers

- involvement of conservation to control dangerous animals

- provision of adequate capital

- construction of canals

- development of the hinterland

- cultivation of good maintenance culture

- enlightenment on the use of inland water ways

- removal of tree stamps

- provision of modern navigational aids

- improved management