(a) Name five vertebrae in mammals with their corresponding locations in the table below. (b)...
(a) Name five vertebrae in mammals with their corresponding locations in the table below.
(b) State one function each of the following parts in a dicotyledonous leaf: (i) palisade; (ii) vascular bundle; (iii) epidermis.
(c)State one function each of the following parts in the stem of a flowering plant: (i) sieve tube; (ii) cortex; (iii) pith.
(d) In a tabular form, state:
(i) two external structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding.
(ii) two internal structural differences between the stem and root of a maize seeding
Explanation
(a)Vertebrae with corresponding location
| Vertebrae | Location |
|---|---|
| Cervical | Neck |
| Thoracic | Chest/Thorax |
| Lumbar | Abdomen/Upper abdomen/loin |
| Sacral | Hip/lower abdomen |
| Caudal | Tail/coccyx |
(b)Function of:
(i) Palisade
- Manufactures food/carries out photosynthesis/site of photosynthesis;
- Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis;
(ii) Vascular bundle
- Contains xylem for transport of water/mineral salts/phloem for translocation of manufactured organic substances/hormones;
- Provides mechanical support;
(iii) Epidermis
- It keeps the leaf’s shape;
- Provides mechanical support;
(c) Function of
(i) Sieve tube
- Translocates/transports manufactured foods to other parts of the plant;
(ii) Cortex
- The cells of cortex store starch;
- Outer cortex cells of green stems contain chloroplasts and make food by photosynthesis/chlorophyllus cortex cells manufacture food;
(iii) Pith
- Cells of pith act as packing/food storage tissues;
- Supports the stem;
(d) Structural differences
(i) External structural differences between stem and root of a maize seedling
| Stem of a maize seedling | Root of a maize seedling |
|---|---|
| - Fibrous root absent | fibrous root present; |
| - Chlorophyllus/greenish | non chlorophyllus/non-greenish; |
| - Leaves are present | leaves are absent; |
| - Thicker in size | thinner in size; |
| - Coleoptiles/shoot sheath present | coleoptiles/shoot sheath absent; |
| - Coleorhizae/radicle sheath absent | coleorhizae/radicle sheath present. |
(ii) Internal structural differences between stem and root of a maize seedling
| Stem of a maize seedling | Root of a maize seedling |
|---|---|
| - Vascular bundles are scattered | vascular bundles are arranged/in a ring form; |
| - More vascular bundles | less vascular bundles; |
| - Cortex is narrower | cortex is wider; |
| - Pith is absent | pith is present; |
| - Endodermis absent | endodermis present |
| - Phloem and xylem do not alternate | phloem alternates with xylem; |
| - Piliferous layer absent | piliferous layer present |