Correct Answer: A. al asabiyyah

Correct Answer: C. Ibn Maja

Explanation

It was decided that the Syrians and the residents of Kufa should nominate an arbitrator each to decide between Ali and Muawiya. The Syrians choice fell on Amr bin al-A'as who was the rational soul and spokesman of Muawiya. Ali wanted one of his sincere followers like Malik Ashtar or Abdullah bin Abbas to be appointed as an arbitrator for the people of Kufa, but the men of his own army strongly demurred, alleging that men like these two were, indeed, responsible for the war and, therefore, ineligible for that office of trust. They nominated Abu Musa al-Ashari as their arbitrator. Ali found it expedient to agree to this choice in order to ward off bloody dissensions in his army. According to Asadul Ghaba (3rd vol., p. 246), Ali had, therefore, taken care to personally explain to the arbitrators, You are arbiters on condition that you decide according to the Book of God, and if you are not so inclined you should not deem yourselves to be arbiters. When the arbitrators assembled at Daumet-ul-Jandal, which lay midway between Kufa and Syria and had for that reason been selected as the place for the announcement of the decision, a series of daily meeting was arranged for them to discuss the matters in hand. When the time arrived for taking a decision about the caliphate, Amr bin al-A'as deluded Abu Musa al-Ashari into entertaining the opinion that they should deprive both Ali and Muawiya of the caliphate, and give to the Muslims the right to elect the caliph. Abu Musa al-Ashari also decided to act accordingly. As the time for announcing the verdict approached, the people belonging to both parties assembled. Amr bin al-A'as requested Abu Musa to take the lead in announcing the decision he favoured. Abu Musa al-Ashari agreed to open the proceedings, and said, We have devised a solution after a good deal of thought and it may put an end to all contention and separatist tendencies. It is this. Both of us remove Ali as well as Muawiya from the caliphate. The Muslims are given the right to elect a new caliph in their places as they think best. As soon as he sat down after giving his award, Amr bin al-A'as sprang to his feet and addressing the gather said, You have heard Abu Musa who represents Ali. He has deposed Ali from the caliphate. As the representative of Muawiya, I agree with him in the deposition of Ali, but I install Muawiya as the caliph. Here, an disorderly scene ensured in which Abu Musa al-Ashari cursed Amr bin al-A'as. The Syrians hailed the trick played by Amr bin al-A'as as a great diplomatic triumph. It should be noted that the above judgement, the arbitrators did not quote any authority of the Koran or Sunnah to justify deposing Ali.

Correct Answer: B. Syncretism

Correct Answer: D. violate the terms of the agreement

Correct Answer: B. dignity of labour

Explanation

Within Islamic law, there is a doctrine known as Hadana that instructs Muslims how to deal with issues regarding a child's physical custody- what we in Nigeria may call possession of a child. Unlike in Nigerian civil law, this doctrine automatically grants physical custody of a child to the father. Let's examine specifically what the doctrine of Hadana has to say regarding the possession of a child. For starters, if a child is born out of marriage, then if you are the child's mother, you would be able to have physical custody of your child if he is a male up to the child's seventh birthday. On the other hand, if your child is a girl, you would be entitled to your daughter's physical custody until the age of puberty. Typically if your ex-husband were not able to take physical custody of your child at either age seven/the age of puberty, his relatives would be able to step in and take possession in his absence. As the natural guardian of your child, your ex-husband holds all the cards in terms of physical custody of your child. He would have the sole right to determine whether your child can travel internationally by obtaining a passport, where he or she would go to school, and other issues like this. In Nigerian divorces, parents will typically share in these rights and, in many cases, have an equal say in the rights and duties of parenting a child after divorce. You, as the mother of the child, can lose physical custody of the child before the aforementioned ages in a few different ways. For starters, if it is determined by an Imam (a religious leader within Islam) that you are untrustworthy as a parent, then your physical custody rights to your child could be stripped. Secondly, if it is determined that you are not competent to promote the religious faith of your child or to encourage their active following of Islam, then your physical custody rights may be in jeopardy. Finally, you may lose custody rights to your child if you remarry from outside of your husband's family during this time period before your child turns the age at which time he or she would go to live with their father.

Correct Answer: D. purification

Correct Answer: A. even if He forgives all other sins

Correct Answer: B. inspiration from Allah

Explanation

Hijrah, (Arabic: Migration or Emigration) the Prophet Muhammad's migration (622 CE) from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) upon invitation in order to escape persecution. Uthman Dan Fodio's appeal to justice and morality rallied the outcasts of Hausa society. He found his followers among the Fulbe and Fulani. The Fulbe and Fulani were primarily cattle pastoralists. These pastoralist communities were led by the clerics living in rural communities who were Fulfude speakers and closely connected to the pastoralists. The Fulani would later hold the most important offices of the new states. Hausa peasants, runaway slaves, itinerant preachers, and others also responded to Uthman's preaching. His jihad served to integrate a number of peoples into a single religio-political movement. They were both inspired by Allah.