(a) Outline any three fundamental human rights of a citizen.
Explanation
(a) (i) Right to life: This means that every human being has right to live. This right is inalienable.
(ii) Right to dignity of human person: This means that every human being must be respected and accorded dignity befitting a human person.
(iii) Right to personal liberty: This recognises freedom from unlawful arrest and intimidation.
(iv) Right to fair hearing: This recognizes the right to enjoy equality and fair hearing in law court. Both the rich and the poor must enjoy fair hearing. There should be no discrimination based on class, wealth and privileges.
(v) Right to private and family life: This means that every human being is entitled to enjoy family life, without disturbance. Right to privacy denotes that every human being should not be disturbed in his enjoyment of privacy.
(vi) Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion: Every human being has the right to any religion of his choice in addition to enjoyment of freedom of thought and conscience.
(vii) Right to freedom of expression and the press: This implies freedom to spy or air one own's opinion without restriction or censor, slander or libel.
(viii) Right to peaceful assembly and association: Each person can choose his association and political affiliation without restriction or imposition.
(ix) Right to freedom of movement: This implies the right to travel or go to any part of the country without hindrance.
(x) Right to freedom from discrimination: Citizens should not be discriminated either on ethnic or religion
(xi) Right to own property: Every human being has the right to aspire to or actually own property.
(xii) Right to vote and be voted for: This means you can vote: and be voted for. You can vie for public office or exercise voting right by voting for any candidate of your choice.
(xiii) Right to education: This means right to enjoy basic education.
(xiv) Right to gainful employment: Right to work in any part of the country.
(xv) Right against compulsory acquisition of property without compensation.
(b)(i) Right to life can be limited by criminals being executed through due process of the law, war, disease, riot, disasters, etc.
(ii) Right to dignity of human person can be limited by law enforcement's brutality, ignorance, illiteracy, government's power, insanity, religion, culture, disaster, poverty etc.
(iii) Right to personal liberty as in (ii) above.
(iv) Right to fair hearing can be limited as in (ii) above.
(v) Right to private and family life can be limited as in above including seeking political office and the absence of independent judiciary as well as outbreak of epidemic etc.
(vi) Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion can be restricted by the type of government in power especially fascist or totalitarian government always restricts freedom. Other factors include; religion, culture, peer group, parents, school community etc.
(vii) Right to freedom of expression and the press can be limited by laws of slander, libel, sedition, government in power, absence of independent judiciary, culture, religion, peer group, law enforcement's brutality, secret policing etc.
(viii) Right to peaceful assembly and association can be limited by war, state of emergency, disease, violence, law on cultism and secret society, detention, age, sex, legality, religion etc.
(ix) Right to freedom of movement can be limited by police arrest and detention of suspects, imposition of curfew, (including all points in (viii) above).
(x) Right to freedom from discrimination can be limited by disease, age, sex, race, partisan politics, delegated legislation, absence of independent judiciary, religion, statism, tribalism, etc.
(xi) Right to own property can be limited through court order, in public interest, war, state of emergency, law, political ideology of the state (socialism), law of inheritance (will) etc.
(xii) Right to vote and be voted for can be limited by detention, imprisonment, previous criminal records, insanity, age, sex, other electoral laws, race, residence, tax payment, wealth, poverty, legally declared bankruptcy, etc.
(xiii) Right to education can be curtailed by kind of government in power. Corruption, mismanagement, religion, sex, age, poverty, disease, favoritism, discrimination, ignorance, disaster, etc. also limit freedom to education.
(xiv) Right to gainful employment can be limited as in (xiii) above.
(xv) Right against compulsory acquisition of property through compensation can be limited by the laws on corruption and other financial crimes; in public interest, under state of emergency.
