Correct Answer: D. National Defense Council

Correct Answer: C. simple majority

Correct Answer: D. representative of the commoners

Explanation

(a) Rule of Law can be described as the principle and procedures necessary for the protection of individuals from arbitrary government. This involves the three principles of supremacy of the law, equality before the law and Fundamental Human Rights in the state.

(b)(i) The rights to be enjoyed by citizens should be entrenched in the constitution.

(ii) Independent Judiciary: Rule of Law depends highly on an impartial and independent judiciary capable of making bold, impartial and incorruptible decisions.

(iii) Democratic political system: Decisions made in the state should be made by the representatives of the people and not imposed on them by a few leaders.

(iv) Literate Population: The people must be educated to know their rights and how to defend them.

(v) Press Freedom: The press must be free from governmental control.

(vi) There must be the practice of separation of powers together with checks and balances to prevent dictatorship in the state.

(vii) Establishment of extra-adjudicating bodies like ombudsman to complement the efforts of the courts and for quick dispensation of cases.

(viii) There should not be retrospective laws.

(ix) The existence of an efficient and well equipped law enforcement agents.

(x) Laws must be given adequate publicity.

(xi) Establishment of free legal aid for the less privileged.

(xii) Both the ruler and the ruled should respect and uphold the supremacy of the laws of the land.

(xiii) Suspects should not be detained longer than the law permits.

(xiv) There must be open trial.

Correct Answer: C. male franchise

Correct Answer: C. a communist political system

Correct Answer: B. existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities

Correct Answer: A. enhances the interest of the ruling few

Explanation

(a) Proto-nationalism; denotes that the activities of the nationalist movements were geared towards reforms and participation of the natives in the colonial administration rather than for immediate self-government.

(b) (i). Demands of the nationalists were aimed at reforms and participation in the colonial administration.

(ii).Movements formed under proto-nationalism were elitist, i.e. domination by the elites.

(iii).The proto-nationalism organizers employed constitutional and non-violent means in seeking redress.

(iv).The leaders were conservative their activities were restricted to the urban centers.

(v) There was formation of inter-territorial movements such as the National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA).

(vi) It was also characterized by the formation of youth movements e.g Gold Coast Congress etc.

(vii). Their activities were more popular along the coastal areas.

(viii). Most of the movements were centred on personalities whose deaths led to their collapse.

(ix). Most of the leaders were either publishers or editors of newspapers. These newspapers were used to pursue their nationalist objectives.

Correct Answer: C. Northern Nigeria