Correct Answer: A. adding value to local products

Correct Answer: B. adequate capital

Explanation

(a) What is Environmental Intervention? Definition Environmental intervention refers to the forces of nature and activities of man, that change the natural existence of the components of the ecosystem.

(b) Types of Environmental Intervention

(i) Natural Intervention: These include the following:

(a) Earthquake

(b) Vulcanicity

(c) Drought

(d) Flooding

(e) Hurricane

(f) Desert encroachment

(g) Tectonic movement

(h) Climatic changes

(i) Sea level changes

(ii) Human Intervention:

(1) Deforestation

(2) Bush burning

(3) Grazing

(4) Hunting

(5) Pollution

(6) Farming activities

(7) Mining / quarrying

(8) Fishing

(c) EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION

(i) Natural Intervention Effects:

(a) New features different from those initially produced such as vulcanism creates volcanic mountains

(b) Changes in the landscape such as earthquake will result in digging trenches and gullies where it was not initially present, raising and lowering beaches

(c) Wide spread destruction

(d) Extinction of aquatic life e.g drought results in drying up the water and this wi!I lead to the extinction of water animals

(e) Displacement of man

(f) Displacement of animals

(g) Can lead to lighting Human Intervention

Effects:

(1) Soil erosion

(2) Deforestation

(3) Changes in energy balance

(4) Atmospheric and water pollution

(5) Land pollution leads to reduction in agricultural land

(6) Hunting causes depletion of animal reserve

(7) Destruction of the vegetation cover of the soil through bush burning

(8) Depletion of the vegetation cover of the soil through overgrazing exposes the soil to erosion.

Correct Answer: B. most of their exports are raw materials

Explanation

The answer is B Most of their export are raw materials, Developing countries often depend on the developed countries to produce their raw material into finished product hence they tend to pay more when raw materials are processed and imported back. Bargaining power has little or no effect on international trade as most international deals with exchange of product. African countries most cases request for manufactured goods they needed rather than been paid

Explanation

(i) Differences between Erosion and Mass Movement

— Erosion is the gradual removal of top soil while mass movement is the movement of loose rock materials down slope

— Agents of erosion are running water, winds, waves and glacier while that of mass movement entails the force of gravity.

—Erosion involves scratching, polishing and plucking of loose, rock surfaces while mass movement involves creeping, flowing, slumping, sliding and falling.

(ii) Main features of River Erosion Gorges

— Cayons

— waterfalls

— Rapids

— Capture

— Potholes

— Interlocking spurs.

Main Features of Mass Movements

— Slumps and sl;de scars Slumped block

— Hummocky topography

— Talus

— Screes

(b) Factors Affecting Mass Movement

— Gradient of the slope determines rate of movement, e.g steep slope encourages faster mass movement

— the try activities of man on slope could promote or reduce movement of loose rock materials.

— Presence of vegetation tends to reduce the rate of movement down the slope and vice versa.

— Depth of weathering

— mass movement can be more active in areas of deep weathering.

— Presence of lubricating moisture e.g presence of rain water, ice, etc tends to promote mass movement down slope.

— The nature / weight of rock materials e.g loose and light rock materials tend to move faster than lightly held and heavy materials.

— The occurrence of earthquake often triggers off mass movement of steep slopes.

— Volcanic eruption can also lead to mass movement.

Explanation

Outline four factors which promote international trade between your country and the outside world.

(a) Differences in resources

(b) Some crops are suited to certain climatic conditions. Crops like cocoa, cotton etc. grow well under tropical condition while crops like wheat, barley, and oats grow in temperate climate.

(c) Differences in technical knowledge:- some countries like Germany, Japan, Britain, USA etc. have higher technical knowledge than some countries in West Africa to which their products are exported.

(d) Tariffs and import duties chargeable.

(e) Reliable transport and communication network.

(f) Favourable government policy on international trade.

(g) Differences in taste.

(h) Membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and other economic unions.

(i) Source of foreign exchange.

(j) Source of revenue.

(k) Stable government.

(I) Demand for commodities.

(B) Explain three problems involved in the trade between your country and other West African countries.

(i) Inadequate capital

(ii) Differences in languages

(iii) Similarities in products

(iv) Low level of technology

(v) Unfavourable balance of trade.

(vi) Low level of savings.

(vii) High cost of production

(viii) Poor transportation system.

(ix) Port congestion.

(x)Government policy.

(xi) Changes in political relationship.

(xii) Attachment to former colonial masters.

(xiii) Different currencies.

(xiv) Preference for imported goods.

(C) Suggest three solutions to the problems explained in (b) above.

1. Improved specialization in production.

2. Improved technology.

3. More patronage of locally made goods by other countries.

4. Protection from competition.

5. Improved savings capacity.

6. Construction of transcontinental transport network.

7. Liberalization of trade.

8. Improved port management.

9. Encouraging regional integration.

10. Political stability.

11. Use of local raw materials.

Explanation

(a) Commodities exported from Nigeria my Country: (i) Groundnut. (ii) Rubber. (iii) Cocoa. (iv) Cotton. (v) Timber.

(vi) Palm produce. (vii) Crude oil. (viii) Hide and Skin. (ix) Tin and Columbite. (x) Fruits. (xi) Gum arabic.

(b) Reasons for the low volume of trade among West African countries: (1) Inadequate capital. (ii) Low level of technology.

(iii) Political instability. (iv) Low level of savings. (v) Different currencies used in West African countries.

(vi) Poor transportation and communication links. (vii) Taste for foreign goods. (viii) Colonial ties.

(ix) High Tariffs / Trade restrictions. (x) Production of similar goods. (xi) Existence of regional Trade Unions.

(xii) Poor qualities of goods. (xiii ) Government policy. (xiv) Similarity of climate.

(c )Ways of improving trade among West African Countries: (i) Removal of regional trade unions.

(ii) Improvement in technology.

(iii) Improvement of transportation and communication links.

(iv) Regulation of harriers such as tariffs. (v) Good governance.

(vi) Encouraging cross-border investment. (vii) Introduction of common currency.

(viii) Manufacturing of goods usually imported from outside.

(ix) encouragement of specialization in production. (x) Protection from foreign competition. (xi) Increase in wag and salaries.

(xii) Education on self reliance to reduce dependence on colonial masters.

(xiii) Implementing ECOWAS protocol to enlarge market. (xiv) Sensitization of the populace to patronize locally manufactured products.

(xv) West African countries should work towards political stability.

Correct Answer: A. Low and unreliable rainfall

Explanation

(a) The characteristics of the tropical grass land vegetation include:

(i) Dry season lasts for 6-7 months

(ii) Tall trees reaching 2m dominate the vegetation

(iii) Scattered trees mainly in the river valley called savanna parkland

(iv) Around the equator the trees are bigger and more common than grasses called savanna woodland

(v) Towards the desert with less rainfall there are few trees with short grasses called savanna scrub. Some of the trees here e.g acacia, baobab, etc are deciducus (i.e shod the it leaves during the dry season)

(b) The economic values of this vegetation type to the inhabitants of the region include:

(i) Livestock farming (e.g cattle rearing) is the most important occupation E.g Hausa - Fulani cattle rearers, Massai of Kenya etc. are known to be heavily involved in livestock farming.

(ii) Grain cultivation: Some elements 3f grains such as millets, sorghum and maize are widely cultivated. Groundnut and cotton can also be cultivated

(ii:) Game reserves. Most of these grasslands serve as game reserves e.g National Park of South Africa and Yankari Same Reserves are centres of attraction for tourism.

Correct Answer: A. Prismatic compass survey