While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq. • It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world’s knowledge. • Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere and translated them into Arabic. • Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata. • The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper versions to be studied and shared. The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s knowledge. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

• A) The House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge from around the world, including from Greece, India, and China.
• B) Founded in Iraq in the eighth century, the House of Wisdom employed many scholars as translators.
• C) Writings from the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata were preserved at the House of Wisdom.
• D) The House of Wisdom collected writings from different countries and created paper versions in Arabic to be studied and shared.

According to historian Vicki L. Ruiz, Mexican American women made crucial contributions to the labor movement during World War II. At the time, food processing companies entered into contracts to supply United States armed forces with canned goods. Increased production quotas conferred greater bargaining power on the companies’ employees, many of whom were Mexican American women: employees insisted on more favorable benefits, and employers, who were anxious to fulfill the contracts, complied. Thus, labor activism became a platform for Mexican American women to assert their agency. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

• A) It elaborates on a claim about labor relations in a particular industry made earlier in the text.
• B) It offers an example of a trend in the World War II
• C) It notes a possible exception to the historical narrative of labor activism sketched earlier in the text.
• D) It provides further details about the identities of the workers discussed earlier in the text.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing credit for numerous Beatles songs. • Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either Lennon or McCartney, not by both. • The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such as the verse for “In My Life,” is disputed. • Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical methods to analyze the musical content of Beatles songs. • They concluded that there is 18.9% probability that McCartney wrote the verse for “In My Life,” stating that the verse is “consistent with Lennon’s songwriting style.” The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study conducted by Glickman, Brown, and Song. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

• A) Based on statistical analysis, Glickman, Brown, and Song claim that John Lennon wrote the verse of
• B) There is only an 18.9% probability that Paul McCartney wrote the verse for
• C) It is likely that John Lennon, not Paul McCartney, wrote the verse for
• D) Researchers have used statistical methods to address questions of authorship within the field of music.

Interruptions in the supply chain for microchips used in personal electronics have challenged an economist’s assertion that retailers can expect robust growth in sales of those devices in the coming months. The delays are unlikely to ______ her projection entirely but will almost certainly extend its time frame. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

• A) dispute
• B) withdraw
• C) underscore
• D) invalidate

According to a US tax policy expert, state taxes are ______ other factors when considering an interstate move. Even significant differences in state taxation have almost no effect on most people’s decisions, while differences in employment opportunities, housing availability, and climate are strong influences. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

• A) consistent with
• B) representative of
• C) overshadowed by
• D) irrelevant to

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature. • Gurnah was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom. • Many readers have singled out Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise for praise. • Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa. The student wants to introduce Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with the novel and its author. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

• A) Abdulrazak Gurnah, who wrote Paradise and later was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom.
• B) Many readers have singled out Abdulrazak Gurnah
• C) A much-praised historical novel about colonial East Africa, Paradise (1994) was written by Abdulrazak Gurnah, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
• D) Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa, Abdulrazak Gurnah

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Most, but not all, of the Moon’s oxygen comes from the Sun, via solar wind. • Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if some of the unaccounted-for oxygen could be coming from Earth. • In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya. • Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered while orbiting the Moon. • Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that Earth is sending oxygen to the Moon. The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

• A) As it orbited the Moon, the Kaguya satellite collected data that was later analyzed by cosmochemist Kentaro Terada.
• B) Before 2008, Kentaro Terada wondered if the Moon was receiving some of its oxygen from Earth.
• C) Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada set out to determine whether some of the Moon
• D) Kentaro Terada

Due to their often strange images, highly experimental syntax, and opaque subject matter, many of John Ashbery’s poems can be quite difficult to ______ and thus are the object of heated debate among scholars. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

• A) delegate
• B) compose
• C) interpret
• D) renounce

The Mule Bone, a 1930 play written by Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes, is perhaps the best-known of the few examples of ______ in literature. Most writers prefer working alone, and given that working together cost Hurston and Hughes their friendship, it is not hard to see why. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

• A) characterization
• B) interpretation
• C) collaboration
• D) commercialization

Over twenty years ago, in a landmark experiment in the psychology of choice, professor Sheena Iyengar set up a jam-tasting booth at a grocery store. The number of jams available for tasting ______ some shoppers had twenty-four different options, others only six. Interestingly, the shoppers with fewer jams to choose from purchased more jam. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

• A) varied:
• B) varied,
• C) varied, while
• D) varied while