Explanation

(a) Factors determining span of control are:

(1) The size of an organisation determines the number of surbordinates to be supervised.

(ii) The frequency /number of interpersonal relationship between the manager and his subordinates. determines the effectives of the span of control within the frame work of an organization.

(iii) The training and experience of the manager: A well trained and experienced manager will have a larger number of subordinates under him.

(iv) The higher the education, training and experience of the subordinates the lower the number of the subordinates too .

(v) The amount of time which a manager spends on non-supervisory work determines the number of subordinates he can effectively supervise.

(vi) Jobs of repetitive nature requires less supervision and large number of subordinates to supervise. Complex jobs requires more supervision and less number of subordinates to supervise.

(vii) The type of control which the manager exercises, leadership style over his subordinates and the freedom of decision extended to them, affects the number of subordinates to supervise.

(b) The Personnel Department in a business establishment performs certain functions such as:

(i) Give notice of vacancy (ii) Human resource planning (iii) Recruitment (iv) Selection (v) Testing (vi) Interviewing (vii) Placement (viii) Training (ix) Discipline (x) Appraisal (xi) Promotion (xii) Retirement (xiii) Salary administration (xiv) Welfare/ Safety.

Correct Answer: C. indemnify Q

Explanation

(a)(i)Limited liability:Means that members' loss in the business is limited to the amount of capital they had contributed.

(ii)Separate legal entity: Means that the business has a legal existence different from the owners./ Ownership of the business is separate from management./The company can sue and be sued.

(iii)Certificate of Incorporation: This is the document issued by the Registrar of companies certifying the legal existence of a company after certain legal requirements for registration have been met. It gives the company a legal existence.

(iv)Participating preference shares:Holders of these shares have further claim on profits, after the ordinary shareholders have received a specific amount of dividends.

(v)Ordinary shares:These are known as equities. / The holders have a last claim on the assets or profits of the company. / They carry the greatest risk in business.

(b) Advantages of Public Corporations:

(i) They provide essential services to the populace e.g. water and light. / Improve the standard of living.

(ii) They provide employment opportunities.

(iii) Government runs them instead of leaving them in the hands of private monopolies to make their services affordable.

(iv) They enable the government and its agencies to control strategic industries in an economy.

(v) They generates revenue for the government.

(vi) They prevents wasteful duplication of infrastructural facilities.

(viii) They operate on large scale as a result enjoy economies of scale.

Correct Answer: A. Economic, Social and legal

Correct Answer: C. OPEC

Correct Answer: C. Nearness to market

Correct Answer: C) a general average loss

Explanation

A general average loss is when there is a voluntary sacrifice or expenditure made to save the entire ship and cargo from a common danger. In this case, throwing the goods overboard is a deliberate action taken to prevent the ship from sinking, even though it means losing those particular goods. The idea behind a general average loss is that the sacrifice made benefits all the parties involved in the voyage, as it helps to save the entire ship and cargo.

The other options listed in the question are not correct in this case. A constructive total loss refers to a situation where the ship or cargo is damaged to such an extent that it is not economically feasible to repair or recover it. A partial loss refers to a situation where only a portion of the goods or property is damaged or lost. An actual total loss refers to a situation where the ship or cargo is completely destroyed or lost.

So, in summary, when goods are deliberately thrown into the sea to prevent a ship from sinking, it is considered a general average loss in marine insurance.

Note: The question is correct and the correct answer is Option C.

Correct Answer: D. the gap between manufacturers and retailers is reduce byn wholesalers

Correct Answer: A. highly restricted

Correct Answer: D. Means of dispatch