Correct Answer: C. Temperature

Correct Answer: D. calcium hydrogentrioxocarbonate (IV)

Correct Answer: A) lower the melting point of the ice

Explanation

(a)(i) Sketch of Graphical Representation of Charles' Law: Volume (cm\(^3\))

(ii) Volume of O\(_{2(g)}\) required for complete combustion of 2.5 moles of ethanol at s.t.p.

C\(_{2}\)H\(_{5}\)OH\(_{(aq)}\) + 3O2\(_{2}\) -> 3H\(_{2}\)O + 2CO\(_{2(g)}\)

1 mole of ethanol = 3 x 22.4 dm\(^{2}\). of O\(_{2(g)}\)

.-. 2.5 moles of ethanol = 3 x 22.4 dm\(^{3}\) x 2.5

= 168.0 dm\(^{3}\).

(b)(i) Collision theory of reactants rates states that atoms/molecules/ions/particles/reactions involved in a chemical reaction must collide with effective collision before reaction can take place.

(ii) Using collision theory to explain effect of temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction: Increase in temperature makes the reacting molecules to gain kinetic energy and move faster. Where the temperature decreases, the reacting molecules lose kinetice energy and move slower. Frequency of collision and effective collision increase or decrease, therefore rate of reaction increases or decreases.

(c)(i) Esterification is the reaction between an alkanol and alkanoic acid to produce an Alkanoate (ester) and water in the presence of a mineral acid.

(ii) Two uses of alkanoates are: (1) Used in perfumes/cosmetics. (2) Used in artificial flavouring for foods. (3) Used in production of soap. (4) Used as plasticizers. (Any 2)

(iii) Products of the alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl ethanoate are: ethanol (C\(_{2}\)H\(_{5}\)OH) and sodium ethanoate (CH\(_{3}\)COONa) or potassium ethanoate CH\(_{3}\)COOK.

(d)(i) Tin-coated plate corrodes faster.

(ii) Zinc is more reactive than tin, higher in the electrochemical series than tin. When the tin coated plate is exposed, the plate goes into solution and corrodes. In zinc coated (galvanized) plate, it is zinc that dissolves and corrodes hence protecting the plate better and zinc coated plate does not corrode.

Correct Answer: C. tetraatomic

Correct Answer: B. liquid particles dispersed in liquid

Correct Answer: D) dehydrogenase

Correct Answer: C. 96,500 C

Correct Answer: A. hydrogen chloride

Correct Answer: D) differ only by a proton

Explanation

The question is asking which of the given options best describes the relationship between an acid and its conjugate base. The correct answer is Option D: an acid and its conjugate base differ only by a proton. This means that an acid can lose its proton to become its conjugate base, and its conjugate base can gain a proton to become the original acid.

It is important to note that the other options are not correct. Option A is incorrect because an acid and its conjugate base can have the same charge, depending on the specific acid and base involved. Option B is incorrect because a hydroxide ion (OH-) is not involved in the relationship between an acid and its conjugate base. Option C is incorrect because an electron is not involved in the transfer of a proton between an acid and its conjugate base.

Understanding the relationship between acids and bases is important in Chemistry, as it is the basis for the concept of pH and acid-base reactions. For more information, please see the recommended textbooks.