In the preparation of carbon monoxide by heating ethanedoic acid with concentrated sulphuric acid, the conc. sulphuric acid acts as

• A) oxidizing agent
• B) reducing agent
• C) dehydrating agent
• D) reaction medium

The arrangement of particles in crystal lattices can be studied using

• A) X - rays
• B) γ - rays
• C) α - rays
• D) β - rays

Which of these statements is/are correct of a proton?

i. The mass of a proton is one-twelfth the molar mass of carbon

ii. The mass of a proton is 1840 times the mass of an electron

iii. The mass of a proton is 1.0008g

• A) ii only
• B) i, ii and iii
• C) i only
• D) i and ii only

The electronic configuration of the species underlined as in the molecule H\(_2\)S is

• A)
  1s\(^2\)2s\(^2\)2p\(^6\)3s\(^2\)3p\(^6\)3d\(^{10}\)4s\(^2\)4p\(^4\)
• B)
  1s\(^2\)2s\(^2\)2p\(^6\)3s\(^2\)3p\(^4\)
• C)
  1s\(^2\)2s\(^2\)2p\(^6\)3s\(^2\)3p\(^2\)
• D)
  1s\(^2\)2s\(^2\)2p\(^6\)3s\(^2\)3p\(^6\)

The gas that gives brown colouration in brown ring test is

• A. NO
• B. CO₂
• C. NO₂
• D. CO

(a) What term is used to describe each of the following processes?

(i) Alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils;

(ii) The conversion of glucose into ethanol by enzymatic action;

(iii) Thermal decomposition of higher petroleum fractions into lower molecular mass hydrocarbons in the presence of catalyst.

(b)(i) Write the structure and IUPAC name for one alkanoic acid with the molecular formula C\(_4\)H\(_8\)0\(_2\).

(ii) Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing boiling point: Butane; Butanoic acid; Methylpropane.

(iii) Give an explanation for your answer in (b)(ii).

(c)(i) Ethanol was used for preparing a gas X which decolorized bromine water. Identify X and describe briefly its laboratory preparation.

(ii) Write an equation to show how ethanol reacts with sodium

(iii) Give the reagent and reaction conditions for the conversion of ethanol into C\(_2\)H\(_5\)COOC\(_2\)H\(_5\).

(d) State the type of recction involved in each of the conversions indicated below:

(i)C\(_6\)H\(_6\)C\(_6\)H\(_5\)CH\(_3\)

(ii) nC\(_2\)H\(_4\) \(\to\) (CH\(_2\) - CH\(_2\)),

(iii) CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)CH(OH)CH\(_3\) -> CH\(_3\)CH\(_2\)CCH\(_3\)

(iv) (C\(_6\)H\(_{10}\)O\(_5\)) -> C\(_6\)H\(_{12}\)O\(_6\).

(iv)

Reduction of nitroalkanes, nitrites and amides is a route for the preparation of

• A. amines
• B. alkenes
• C. polymers
• D. detergents

(a) (i) State the collision theory of reaction rates.

(ii) Using the collision theory, explain briefly how temperature can affect the rate of a chemical reaction.

(b) (i) Sketch a graphical representation of Charles’ law.

(ii) Calculate the volume of oxygen that would be required for the complete combustion of 2.5 moles of ethanol ats.t.p.

[molar volume at s.t.p = 22.4 dm\(^3\)]

(c) (i) Defineesterification.

(ii) Give two uses of alkanoates.

(iii) Give the products of the alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl ethanoate.

(d) A tin coated plate and a galvanized plate were exposed for the same length of time.

(i) Which of the two plates corrodes faster?

(ii) Explain briefly your answer in 2 (d) (i).

Which of the aqueous solutions with the pH values below will liberate hydrogen when it react with magnesium metals?

• A. 13.0
• B. 7.0
• C. 6.5
• D. 3.0

Propane carbon(IV)oxide diffuse at the same rate because [H = 1.00, C = 12.0, O = 16.0]

• A. They are both gases
• B. Their molecules contain carbon
• C. They have the same relative molecular mass
• D. Both are denser than air