Correct Answer: D) 1.12 dm³

Explanation

(a)(i)The atom has small / tiny positively charged centre / nucleus with electrons surrounding the space around the centre nucleus.

(ii) Atomic number of an element is the number of protons / electrons in an atom of the element while mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the atom of the element.

(iii) Chlorine atom is made up of a mixtire of isotopes and the relative atomic 'mass of chlorine is the average of the isotopic masses.

(b)(i) Is the minimum energy required to remove one mole of an electron from c mole of gaseous atom to form one mete gaseous ion. Nucleus with

— High melting / boiling point Protons Ability to conduct electricity in the molten state or in solution

— Solid at room temperature

— Soluble in water or polar solvents / insoluble in non-polar solvents.

(iii) — Atoms of the elements in each pair have the same number of electrons

(c)(i) It is a family of organic compounds their outermost shell therefore similar chemical properties. where successive members ditter by

— CH\(_2\) molar mass of 14

— with similar chemical properties

— which conform to the same general formula

— which show gradation of physical properties whict, have the same general method of preparation, e.g, alkanes, alkenes, alkanols.

(ii) It is a process in which a covalent bond is broken in such a way that the electron pair is completely transfered to one of the atoms resulting in the formation of ions e.g. H — CI —> H\(^+\) + Cl\(^-\) / HCI --> H\(^+\) + Cl\(^-\)

(d)(i) — Methyl orange / methyl red / phenolphthalein

(ii) — Methyl orange orange / methyl red

(iii) — Phenolphthalein.

(e) E — NH\(_4\)Cl

F — NaOH, KOH or Ca(OH)\(_2\), LiOH, CsOH, Ba(OH)\(_2\), Mg(OH)\(_2\)

G — NH\(_3\)

Correct Answer: D) Light

Correct Answer: C. lowering the activation energy of the reaction

Correct Answer: A. steel

Correct Answer: C. sulphur

Correct Answer: B. Methyl acetylene

Correct Answer: A. the same number of valence electrons

Correct Answer: D) chromatography

Explanation

A brand of ink containing cobalt (II) and copper (II) ions can be separated into its various components usingchromatography, which is the correct option in this question.

Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures based on the differences in the movement of their components through a stationary phase. In the case of ink, the components are often dyes or pigments, which can be separated using paper or thin-layer chromatography.

Let's briefly discuss why the other options are not suitable for separating the components of the ink:

Fractional crystallization: This technique is used to separate components of a mixture based on their solubility. It involves dissolving the mixture in a solvent and then cooling it to form crystals of different components. However, this method is not suitable for separating components of the ink, as both cobalt (II) and copper (II) ions are likely to have similar solubilities in a solvent.

Fractional distillation: This method is used to separate components of a mixture based on their boiling points. It is commonly used for separating components of liquid mixtures, like petroleum. Since ink is a mixture of solid components in a liquid medium, fractional distillation is not an appropriate method for separating its components.

Sublimation: Sublimation is a process in which a solid directly transforms into a gas without going through the liquid phase. This method is used to separate components of a mixture that have different sublimation temperatures. However, sublimation is not suitable for separating ink components, as both cobalt (II) and copper (II) ions do not undergo sublimation.

In conclusion,chromatography is the most appropriate technique for separating the components of an ink containing cobalt (II) and copper (II) ions, as it relies on the differences in their movement through a stationary phase, allowing the separation of the components based on their interactions with the stationary phase and mobile phase.

Correct Answer: C. dissolution of copper electrode