Correct Answer: C. invert the furrow slice

Correct Answer: C. seeds have short period of viability

Correct Answer: D. produce disease-resistant crop varieties

Correct Answer: C. transfer of a bud from one plant to another

Explanation

(a) Ways in which weeds are beneficial to the farmer

• Weeds help in checking soil erosion
• Some weeds are useful as food for humans
• Some weeds serve as feed for livestock
• Certain weeds have medicinal properties
• Weeds can be ploughed into the soil to replenish soil nutrients
• Some weeds are used for roofmg, making mats, baskets etc
• Weeds can be cut and used as mulch
• For compost making
• Leguminous weeds harbour bacteria that help to fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil

(b)Classification of insect-pests based on their mode of feeding and examples:

(i) Biting and chewing insects e.g locusts, grasshoppers, termites, mantids, the stick and leaf insects, beetles, leaf worms, army worms, budworms, crickets, larvae of lepidopetera

(ii) Piercing and sucking insects e.g capsids, cotton stainers, whiteflies, scale insects mealy bugs, green shield bugs, aphids, thrips, tsetsefly, ticks

(iii) Boring insects e.g beetles, weevils, stem borers, fruit borers

(c) Ways by which pasture can be made available to cattle

• Prepared as hay for livestock
• As silage
• Cut and carry as fresh fodder/zero grazing
• Animals can be taken out for grazing

Correct Answer: A. theodolite

Correct Answer: D. trypanosomiasis

Explanation

2(a) How agricultural production is affected by (i) Agricultural education and extension:

- Improved/better farm management decision making
- Improved procurement of farm inputs

- Access to marketing information and strategy

- Keeping of accurate farm records

- Acquisition of loans and their utilization

- Improve the farmers social disposition Help the farmers to understand and adopt modern farming techniques for improved productivity

- Agricultural education motivates the youths to take up farming as a profession

- Relay farmers' problems to the government ministries, research institutes and universities.

-Carry information from government ministries, universities and research institutes to farmers.

(ii) Environmental degradation:

- Desert encroachment exposes the soil to erosion

- Erosion renders the soil unproductive and unsuitable for agriculture

- Oil spillage pollutes the fishing and drinking water and kills all the aquatic life, thus reducing the profit of the fishermen

- Drinking water for the farm family and their animals is polluted; thus exposing them to health risks

- Air pollution by toxic fumes from industrial gases reduces the quality of air available to the farm family and their animals

- Acid rains from air pollution cause soil acidity and destruction of crops

- Deforestation exposes the soil to erosion agents

- Overgrazing causes erosion and hard pans Bush burning damages the physical structure of the soil and reduces soil fertility

- Air pollution reduces photosynthesis and thus reduces yield Plant population for livestock consumption is reduced

(b) Problems associated with communal land tenure system:

- Land cannot be pledged, sold or used as collateral by an individual

- Those with means, but who are not members of the community, find it difficult to get land for farming activities/non-indigenes of the community cannot acquire land or have access to it

- There is tendency to neglect parcels of useful land as no one readily considers it his/her interest to protect it from degradation.

- It is characterized by litigations and mis-understanding Mechanized farming cannot be practised without permission of the whole community.

- There is excessive land fragmentation over time - Allotted land can be revoked by new leadership

- It does not encourage planting of permanent crops.

(c) Components of an Incubator:

Setter/Egg tray

- Hatcher

- Thermostat

- Turner

- Felt tray

- Heat source

- Vent/fan/air circulation unit

- Hygrometer

- Alarms

- Insulators

- Control unit

- Thermometer.

(d) Storage structures for farm produce: (i) Yam tubers: Yam barn (ii) Cowpea Seeds: Silo - Rhumbus (iii) Fresh fish: Cold room/freezer.

Correct Answer: D. I, II and III

Correct Answer: C. feeding with colostrum