Explanation

(a)Explanation of terms used in animal production

(i)Malnutrition

Malnutrition is a condition that results when an animal is fed on a diet that is deficient in quantity and quality of the essential nutrients in the right proportion.

(ii)Weaning

Weaning is the process whereby young animals are removed from their mothers and fed with feed that is different from their mother’s milk.

(iii)Heat period

It is the period during which the female animal is ready and willing to receive the male animal for mating.

(iv)Candling

This is the process of identifying and separating fertile eggs from non-fertile ones by the use of light.

(b)Distinction between maintenance ration and production ration

Maintenance ration is the amount of feed given to farm animals to keep their live-weight constant.

Whereas

Production ration is the ration that is supplied over and above that required for maintenance for production purpose.

(c) Effects of malnutrition on farm animals

• Slow or retarded growth
• Low production e.g. reduced egg production, decrease in milk yield
• High susceptibility to diseases
• High morbidity rate among older animals
• Physical deformities e.g. rickets, osteomalacia
• Loss in weight/emaciation

(d)Effects of deforestation

• Increases soil erosion
• Destruction of hydrological cycle
• Low soil nutrients
• Loss of soil organic matter
• Leaching
• Reduction in soil microbial activities
• Permanent destruction of indigenous forests
• Desert encroachment/desertification
• Loss of biodiversity/imbalance in the ecosystem
• Destruction of hydrological cycle
• Increase in atmospheric carbon(IV)oxide concentration
• Destruction of micro climate/increased environmental temperature
• Reduces wildlife population in the area

Correct Answer: D. increasing output of mineral oil

Correct Answer: A. I and II

Correct Answer: A. coconut

Correct Answer: B. excessive growth

Correct Answer: A. The management and care of livestock for various purposes

Correct Answer: D. Bush burning

Correct Answer: D. Irrigation

Explanation

Farm stead is the house belonging to a farm and the buildings around it, since it is not used for planting or cultivation, irrigation is not a factor to consider.

Explanation

Differences between the digestive system of a goat and a chicken

(c)Reasons why farmers keep records

• Farm records when properly kept, provide the farmer with valuable information for future budgeting and planning of the farm;
• Details of farm records are used for taxation/tax assessment;
• Farm records can enable the farmer to obtain loans from banks;
• Used for auditing the farm/farm evaluation;
• The records will enable the farmer to know whether his farm is progressing from one year to another/strengths and weaknesses of the farm/credit worthiness;
• Help to detect fraudulent practices on the farm;
• Enable farmers to compare one enterprise to another on the same farm;
• Help in decision making;
• Show the history of business transactions of the farm.

Explanation

(a)Distinguishing between spacing and thinning in crop production

Spacing is the distance given between one stand of crop and another

While

Thinning is the removal of excess seedlings of plants per stand.

(b)Discussion on the cultivation of oil palm

(i)Botanical name

• Elaeis guineensis

(ii)Varieties

• Dura
• Pisifera
• Tenera

(iii)Method of propagation

• By seeds

(iv)Soil requirement

• Loamy soil, rich in organic matter
• Slightly acidic soil

(v)Spacing on the field

• 9m x 9m x 9m in a triangular form

(vi)Diseases

• Anthracnose
• Freckle
• Algal spot
• Galadema/Ganoderma