Explanation

Short notes on: (a) Bush burning: (i)Nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere in form of gas during bush burning. (ii) Also, sulphur is lost during bush burning in form of gas. (iii) Burning of lifter exposes the soil surface to rain force an risk of surface erosion. (iv) It also destroys useful soil organisms i.e farm animals and crops. (v) can be used I stimulate vegetative growth in pastures. (vi) Soil is enriched by potassium and phosphate. (vii) It breaks cycle ( pests and disease organisms i.e sterilization of soil. (viii) It leads to loss of organic matter in soil (ix) It kills wee seeds. (x) It reduces soil water content. (xi) It destroys soil structure. (xii) It affects soil pH. (xiii) It also leads environmental pollution.

(b) Clean clearing: (i) It exposes soil surface, thus facilitating the rate of leaching of soil nutrients e.g. sandy soil. (ii) It leads to excessive heating of the soil (iii) It exposes the soil to erosion by wind and water. (iv) It results in lower productivity. (v) It also exposes land to rapid evaporation of soil moisture. (vi) It facilitate the use of tillage implements or equipment or farm machinery. (vii) upsets the ecosystem (ecological balance).

(c) Organic manuring: (i) may be compost FYM and Green manure. (ii) is the application of plant and animal remains to the soil. (iii) enhances build up of soil organisms. (iv) improves soil structure. (v) stabilize soil pH (buffer) (I, reduces leaching of nutrients. (vii) improves aeration and percolation. (viii) increases water retention of soil (i) moderates and regulates soil temperature. (x) increases the C.E.C. (cation exchange capacity) of the soil. (xi) has longer effect as source of soil nutrient, than inorganic fertilizers.

Correct Answer: C. transfer of a bud from one plant to another

Correct Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation

Soil is a complex mixture of different components that collectively contribute to its properties and fertility. The main components of soil include sand, silt, clay, organic matter, minerals, water, nutrients, and microorganisms.

Correct Answer: D. insects

Correct Answer: B. proventriculus

Correct Answer: A. pulp

Correct Answer: C. sprinkler irrigation

Correct Answer: B. makes horizontal cuts

Correct Answer: A. pre-existing rocks in which the original mineral has undergone change

Explanation

(a)(i) Definition of crop rotation: Crop rotation is the planting of different types of crops on the same piece of land in a definite sequence. (ii) Design of a 4-year crop rotation system using yam, cassava, maize and Groundnut.

NB: - For the purpose of the 4 crops given:

- Yam and cassava must not follow each other

- Groundnut and maize must not follow each other

(b) Reasons why weeds are difficult to control

- Weeds are aggressive and persistent in their growth/vigorous growth

- Weeds have high reproductive capacity

- Most weed seeds have long periods of viability

-Weeds have efficient dispersal methods

- Weeds have efficient means of propagation

-Weed seeds have long period of dormancy

-Some we seeds mature at the same time as the crops and are harvested and stored along with the crops Waiting for the next cropping season (

-Weeds have modified parts, leaves, stems, roots and seeds that help them survive very adverse environmental conditions/wide adaptation

- Most weeds produce many seeds/are prolific

-Short life cycle

(c) Effects of diseases on crop production

Reduction in yield/productivity, Increases the cost of production, Reduction in quality of crops, Causes death -of whole plants, Leads to retarded growth in crops, -Delayed maturity, Causes reduction in the income of the farmers, Damage to crop parts/reduction in photosynthesis