Explanation

(a) Distinction between agricultural systems: (i) monoculture is the practice of cultivating one and the same crop on the same piece of land every cropping season. Whereas, Monocropping is a practice of cultivating a single crop species each growing season and harvesting it before another crop is planted.

(ii) shifting cultivation is a farming system whereby a piece of land is cultivated continuously for some years and then abandoned as a result of the decline in soil fertility, build-up of pests and diseases, and the resultant reduction in crop yield. The farmer abandons not only the exhausted farmland but also his settlement for a new farm and a new settlement with no hope of coming back. Whereas Land rotation involves growing crops on a piece of land until it is exhausted and the land is left to fallow for some years before it is used again. The farmer clears other areas in succession to make new farms while remaining in his farmstead.

( b) Problems of commercial agriculture in West Africa.

-Inadequate supply of improved varieties of crops and livestock

-Unfavourable land tenure system/land fragmentation does not allow commercial agriculture to be practised

-High capital investment on machinery and other inputs/expensive machinery and other inputs

-Inadequate marketing channels Inadequate technical know-how on the operation and ,maintenance of farm machinery

-High Cost of spare parts

-Inadequate processing facilities

-In adequate skilled manpower

-Inaadequate credit facilities / subsidies

- Inadequate storage and processing facilities

-Inputs such as fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides used for commercial farming could pose health hazards to man and the environment if not properly applied

- It leads to the displacement of small scale farmers from their lands

- Unfavourable government policies

- It can lead to soil erosion.

(c) Uses of the farm tractor:

-Transportation of farm inputs, materials and farm produce / haulage with trailer attached.

- It operates water pumps for irrigation or other farm purposes

- Lifting of coupled implements through the hydraulic system

- Pulling of farm implements like ploughs, etc

- Titling the soil with appropriate implement attached

- Planting seeds when coupled with planters

- Spraying seedlings when coupled with sprayers

-Harvesting crops when coupled together with appropriate machines

-It can be a stationary power source for equipment like shellers, grinders, etc.

- Provision of electric power

- Can be used to operate milking machines

- Can be used for mowing lawn with mowers.

(d) Indigenous methods of sand preparation:

- Slashing / cutting

- Hoeing

- Felling

- Stumping

- Burning

- Mounding

-Ridging

Explanation

(a) Ovulation : This is the rupturing of the ovary wall to release mature eggs (ova) or ovum into the oviduct of the female animal. It is under the control of the pituitary gland and it occurs in between oestrus cycle.

(b) Oestrus cycle : This is the interval from the end of one heat period to the beginning of another. It is the period of heat in farm animals and it is controlled by a hormone. It varies from one animal to another, e.g. Cow = 20 - 21 days; Ewe = 7 -21 days; Sow --- 14 - 28 days .

(c) Gestation:This is the time between conception and birth, during which the embryo orfetus is developing in the uterus

(d) Parturition : This is the act of giving birth in farm animals. It marks the end of pregnancy and the beginning of lactation. The act of giving birth in Cow - Calving, Sow - Farrowing, Ewe - Lambing, Doe (Goat) Kidding.

Correct Answer: B. Cola nitida and cola verticillata

Correct Answer: C. sulphate of ammonia

Correct Answer: D. reproduction.

Explanation

(a)Breeds of Rabbits New Zealand white, California white, Chinchilla, Giant Flemish, New Zealand red, Champagne D'argent, Checkered giants, Beveren, Angora, Dutch, Loop, English Spot, Crosses

(b) Reasons why oestrus detection is important in farm animals - Enables the farmer to know when best his animals can be serviced - Enables the farmer to properly manage the animal - Enables the farmer to start preparation for the impending pregnancy.

(c) Functions of hormones in farm animals (

i) Androgen - Initiate spermatogenesis (sperm formation)

- Is responsible for the initiation of male secondary sex characteristics

- Maintains the sex drive (Libido)

- Enhances muscular and skeletal growth

- Reduces fat deposition

- Promotes the growth of accessory sex glands

- Sustains the life of sperms in the epididymis

(ii) Oestrogen

- Stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics e.g. heat behaviour

- Promotes the production of eggs through oogenesis

- It is concerned with the preparation of the uterus lining for the reception of the fertilized ovum

- It increases blood supply as well as the water content of the uterus

- It stimulates the growth of the duct system in the mammary glands (udder)

- in the oviduct, it increases cilliary activities and mucous secretion.

- Induces the rapid multiplication of epithelum in the vagina

(d)(i) Viral diseases of poultry: Newcastle, Gumboro, Mareks, Bird Flu/Avian • influenza, Fowl pox

(ii) Feto-parasites of poultry: Lice, Mites, Flea, Ticks

Correct Answer: B. farm visit

Correct Answer: B. clearing land with a cutlass

Correct Answer: A. respiration and decay

Correct Answer: C. taungya system