Explanation

(a) Explanation of commercial farming: This is the type of farming/agriculture whereby the farmer produces crops animals for sale.

(b) Agricultural produce used by agro-based industries: (i) Canning industry: - meat e.g. pork, beef, mutton. - fish e.g. salmon, mackerel, tuna. - peas/beans e.g. green bean, sword bean. pigeon pea, black-eyed pea. - fruits e.g. tomato. mango, pineapple. - milk. (ii) Beverages industries: cocoa - coffee - tea . (iii) Feed mill: - cereals e.g maize. sorghum/guinea corn. - bone/bone meal - fish/fish meal - pulses e.g. groundnut/ groundnut cake. soyabean / soyabean cake, - palm kernel/palm kernel cake - blood/blood meal - cassava/cassava chips - cotton seed cake - oyster shell/oyster shell meal.

(c) Aims of organisations involved in West Africa.

(i) International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)

The aims are to:

- Promote the rearing of animals within Africa.

- Breed animals with early maturity/ fast growth rate.

- Breed animals with high quality products.

- Breed animals with high production capabilities.

- Breed animals that can adapt to African climatic conditions.

- Breed animals that are resistant to diseases.

- Breed animals that are resistant to pests.

(ii) International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA): The aims are to:

- Develop food crops which are of high. quality.

- Promote the cultivation of food crops within the tropics.

- Develop high yielding food crops.

- Develop food crops that are disease resistant.

- Improve the methods of processing food crops.

- Improve the utilization methods of food crops.

(d) Meaning of surface irrigation: Surface irrigation is an irrigation system whereby water from river, dams or streams is allowed to flow by gravity along the surface of the farmland.

(e) Description of horizons of the soil profile:

(i) Florizon A:

- It is the top soil that represents the surface layer of the soil.

- Rich in organic matter.

- Most weathered of all the soil horizons.

- Highly prone to leaching.

(ii) Horizon D:

- This is the bedrock.

- Unweathered rock materials.

Correct Answer: A. land cannot be used for any purpose

Correct Answer: D. okra

Correct Answer: B. Incubator

Correct Answer: B. arachis hypogaea

Correct Answer: C. planting different varieties of timber

Correct Answer: B. use of parasites and predators

Correct Answer: B. I and II

Explanation

The parts which protect the foetus from mechanical injury are labelled I and II

Correct Answer: A. P

Explanation

(a)Roles of government in agricultural development

(i)Pest and disease control

• Provision of drugs and vaccines that are used to protect farm animals against diseases and parasites-
• Provision of agrochemicals such as pesticides, fungicides and herbicides which are used to protect crops from pests, diseases and weeds
• Provision of veterinary services to control diseases of farm animals
• Provision of quarantine services at airports, seaports and border posts to prevent the introduction of foreign pests and diseases
• Provision of crop protection services
• Training/education/enlightenment of farmers on pest and disease control
• Provision of subsidy on agrochemicals
• Establishment of research institutes for the prevention and control of pests and diseases

(ii)Marketing of agricultural produce

• Purchase of excess farm produce during peak seasons to stabilize the price of farm produce
• Fixes the guaranteed minimum price for agricultural produce
• Establishment of strategic grain reserves by constructing silos in various locations for storage of excess farm produce for release during periods of scarcity
• Provision of processing facilities such as rice mills, oil mills and cassava mills to
• improve the quality of farm produce
• Establishment of markets for agricultural produce
• Provision of rural roads for the evacuation of farm produce
• Provision of storage facilities
• Establishment of marketing/commodity boards which help in the marketing of agricultural produce
• Facilitate/encourage export of agricultural produce
• Low taxation on agricultural produce
• Establishment of commodity exchange commission

(b)General problems of land tenure system in agricultural development in West Africa

• May be difficult to use land as collateral in obtaining loans
• Farm planning and introduction of better farming systems are made difficult
• Large scale farming is not possible due to excessive fragmentation of land
• Production remains at the subsistence level
• Much time is spent travelling from one piece of land to another
• Interested framers from outside a community cannot easily acquire land
• Ownership of land is not permanent, so economic crops cannot be grown
• Land may belong to individuals who have no interest in agriculture
• Dispute/litigation on land ownership
• High cost of land acquisition

(c)Listing of farm machinery and implements

Farm machinery

- Tractor - Combine harvester - Sheller

- Dryer - Bulldozer - Tree puller

- Incubator