Explanation

(a)(1) Marketing in Agriculture involves a series of business activities or services associated with the transfer( agricultural products: from the producers to the consumers It includes selling of farm inputs to farmers or purchasing of farm inputs e.g. seeds, fertilisers and disposal of agricultural produce to the ultimate consumers or users

(ii) Stages involved in marketing agricultural produce are: (i) Farm level processing (ii) sorting (iii) packaging (iv) storage /ware housing (v) transportation (vi) advertisement (vii) merchandising (viii) assemblage

(b) Agents of marketing include;(i) Wholesaler: He stocks large quantity of products and sells in large quantities to the retailers or consumers.

(ii) Retailer: The purchases in bulk from wholesaler or producers and sells in small units or quantities.

(iii) Middleman: They purchase from producers or farmers or wholesalers etc. They make produce easily available to the consume Wholesalers and retailers are also regarded as middlemen.

(iv) Marketing cooperative societies: make bulk purchase of agricultural produce and sell at reduced or affordable units to its members, e.g. consumer cooperatives.

(v) Produceers, / farmers: The farmer gets the full benefit of his efforts while consumers get foods at reduced prices even when they are fresh.

(vi) Commodity boards: provide an organised and ready market for various agricultural commodities help, to stabilize prices of farm produce. They also involved in the provision of capital development for farmers from the profit accruing from sales.

Correct Answer: C. adequate veterinary care

Correct Answer: C. nervous system and respiratory tract

Correct Answer: C. red and white bands

Correct Answer: D. 600 eggs

Correct Answer: B. climate of the area

Correct Answer: D. Lack of access to modern technology

Explanation

Agricultural economics and extension deal with the application of economic methods to optimizing the decisions made by agricultural producers. A common problem in this field is the lack of access to modern technology. This can hinder the efficiency and productivity of agricultural practices. Excessive government regulations, overreliance on chemical inputs, and inadequate market infrastructure can also be challenges in agriculture, but they are not specific to agricultural economics and extension.

Correct Answer: B. trypanosome

Explanation

(a) The functions of nitrogen in crop plants are: (i) It improves growth and reproduction because it is a constituent of protein and protoplasm (ii) It improves the growth of the shoot system (iii) it assists the leaves to have a deep green colour especially in vegetables (iv) It increases the size of grains in cereal crops (v) It promotes the uptake of potassium and phosphorus from the soil.

(b)(i) The effects of excess soil nitrogen on plants are: (1) It causes excessive vegetative growth (2) It delays flowering, fruiting and ripening i.e it leads to reduction in reproductive growth (3) It weakens plant stems (4) It causes lodging, especially in cereals (5) It may decrease resistance in grains and thereby lower the quality of the grains (6) It enhances disease attack in crops.

(ii) The effects of nitrogen deficiency on plants are: (1) It leads to general yellowing of aerial plant parts (2) It leads to stunted growth (3) It leads to premature dropping of leaves (4) It causes poor flowering or fruiting (5) It makes stems to become thin and chaffy, especially in grain crops:

(c) Apart from lightning, nitrogen is also added to the soil through: (i) decay of organic matter (ii) application of inorganic fertilizers (iii) symbiotic nitrogen fixation by microbes in the root nodules of leguminous plants as a result of crop rotation (iv) nitrogen fixation by free living bacteria in the soil.

(d) The soil micro nutrients are: boron, iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, zinc and chlorine.

Correct Answer: C. making measurements on land from which maps are drawn