Correct Answer: C. Sudan

Correct Answer: A) Lack of common currency

Explanation

The question is asking about one of the obstacles to achieving one of ECOWAS's objectives. The options given are lack of common currency, colonial linkages, sovereignty of states, and language differences.

The correct answer is option A: Lack of common currency. This means that one of the challenges faced by ECOWAS in achieving its objective is that the member countries do not have a common currency. Currently, each country in ECOWAS has its own currency, such as the Nigerian Naira or the Ghanaian Cedi.

Having a common currency would make it easier for the member countries to trade and do business with each other. It would also help to promote economic stability and integration within the region. However, establishing a common currency is a complex process that requires coordination and agreement among the member countries.

While the other options listed in the question, such as colonial linkages, sovereignty of states, and language differences, may also present challenges to ECOWAS's objectives, the lack of a common currency is specifically mentioned as one of the obstacles.

In summary, the obstacle to achieving one of ECOWAS's objectives mentioned in the question is the lack of a common currency among the member countries. This means that each country has its own currency, which can make it more difficult to promote economic integration and cooperation within the region.

Note: The answer provided is based on the information given in the question. However, it is important to note that there may be other obstacles or challenges faced by ECOWAS in achieving its objectives that are not mentioned in the question. To learn more about this, please read the relevant sections of the recommended textbooks.

Correct Answer: C. Capital-intensive

Correct Answer: A. yields utility and commands a price

Correct Answer: A. development of rural areas

Correct Answer: D. isomeric

Explanation

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures are said to be isomeric.

• A. Allotropic: Refers to different structural forms of the *same element* (e.g., diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon).

• B. Polymorphic: Refers to the ability of a *solid material* to exist in more than one crystal structure. It applies to compounds, but typically describes different solid-state forms rather than necessarily different molecular structures as implied by the general term structures in the question.

• C. Polymeric: Refers to large molecules (polymers) made up of repeating smaller units (monomers).

• D. Isomeric: The correct term for compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.

The final answer is D

Correct Answer: B. bird

Correct Answer: B. spruce

Correct Answer: D. debeaking

Correct Answer: C. hydrolysis

Explanation

The given forward reaction is:

Alkanol + Alkanoic acid \xrightarrow{conc. H_2SO_4} Alkanoate + water

This is an esterification reaction, where an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react to form an ester and water. Concentrated sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst and a dehydrating agent, pushing the equilibrium to the right.

The reverse reaction would be:

Alkanoate + water \rightarrow Alkanol + Alkanoic acid

Let's analyze the options:

A. Neutralization: This is a reaction between an acid and a base, typically forming a salt and water. The reverse reaction does not fit this description.

B. Dehydration: This process involves the removal of water from a compound. The reverse reaction involves the *addition* of water to break down a compound, so it's not dehydration. (The forward reaction, esterification, is a condensation reaction where water is removed from the reactants, thus it can be seen as a type of dehydration when considering the overall process of forming the ester and water from alcohol and acid).

C. Hydrolysis: This is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound. The term hydro refers to water, and lysis means to break apart. In the reverse reaction, the alkanoate (ester) reacts with water to break down into the alkanol (alcohol) and alkanoic acid (carboxylic acid). This perfectly matches the definition of hydrolysis. Esters are hydrolyzed to form alcohols and carboxylic acids.

D. Decomposition: This is a reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. While the ester is breaking down, the defining characteristic of this specific breakdown is that water is a reactant. Hydrolysis is a more specific and accurate term for a decomposition reaction driven by water.

Therefore, the reverse reaction, where an alkanoate reacts with water to form an alkanol and an alkanoic acid, is called hydrolysis.

The final answer is C