Explanation

a) Gay Lussac's law states that when gases react, they do so in volumes which simple ratios to one another and to the volumes of the products, if gaseous, provided that the temperature and pressure remain constant.

(b) (i) 2CO\(_{(g)}\) + O\(_{2(g)}\) \(\to\) 2CO\(_{2(g)}\)

(ii) I. from the equation: 2 volumes of CO\(_{(g)}\) and 1 volume of O\(_{2(g)}\) —> 2 volumes of CO\(_2\). ratio of reacting volumes

40cm\(^3\) + 20cm\(^3\) —> 40cm\(^3\)

40cm\(^3\) of CO requires 20cm\(^3\) of oxygen to form 40cm\(^3\) of CO\(_2\).

40cm\(^3\) of CO\(^2\) is produced

II. excess reactant is oxygen Volume is 30cm\(^3\)— 20cm\(^3\) = 10cm\(^3\).

III. total volume of gaseous mixture 10cm\(^3\) of O\(^2\) + 40cm\(^3\) CO\(_2\) = 50cm\(^3\).

(c) (i) SiO\(_2\). (ii) CaO (iii) ZnO (iv) CO (v) CO and NO\(_2\).

(d) (i) Conc. HNO\(_3\). slowly decomposes releasing brown NO, which dissolves in the acid to give the yellow colour.

(ii) HNO\(_3\). is an oxidizing acid. Any hydrogen produced is oxidized to water.

(e) (i) 2Cu(NO\(_3\))\(_2\) \(\to\) 2CuO\(_{(s)}\) + 4NO\(_{2(g)}\) + O\(_{2(g)}\)

(ii) NH\(_4\)NO\(_3{(s)}\) \(\to\) N\(_2\)O(_{(g)}\) + 2H\(_2\)O\(_{(g)}\)

Correct Answer: D. gain nothing

Correct Answer: A. packaging

Correct Answer: A. Seeds are collected from stands with desirable traits

Correct Answer: A. A more electropositive element displaces a less electroposive one

Explanation

Santiago, an old and experienced fisherman spends the most part of his days at sea. His fishing expeditions which often take him far away from the shore enable him to know and understand the ways of the sea and its creatures. They also give him a vantage ground from which he can have a clear view of birds and such other phenomena as the. stars, the moon and the sun. As a result of his experiences at sea and his intimate observation of birds, Santiago develops peculiar views about them.

For instance, the old man recognizes, respects and empathizes as well as talks to them as if they can hear him and respond like human beings. He does this at great length though his monologues. For example, he says "if the others hear me talking out loud they would think I am crazy but since I am not crazy, I do not care"

As opposed to the views of others, Santiago always thinks of the sea as a woman who gives or withholds great favours This may explain why he bemoans his bad luck rather than bear the sea any grudge for losing the marlin be catches.

The old man recognizes the ability of birds to give a fisherman an insight into where he can find fish to catch. Such is the warbler that circles over him and leads him to locate the marlin he kills. During his ordeal with the big fish, he feels sorry for turtles but is also inspired by them as he compares his heart to theirs which live long after they have been killed. Hence, he eats their white eggs all through May to be strong in September and October.

In his fantasies, Santiago regards fish including the sharks which he knows species by species and which also deprive him of his big catch not only as friends but also as nobler, more beautiful and more able although less intelligent brothers. He sees the sinister sharks not as mere scavengers but as creatures with friends, mothers and relatives in their own right. He kills them in self-defence and to protect his catch.

His unusual view about other creatures is most noticeable in his encounter with the marlin. He pities the fish in its moment of anger and anguish even as his own life is on the line. He catches and kills the fish since no one is worthy of eating it from its behaviour and great dignity. He acknowledges its equal right to live and kill him if in self-defence. He argues that he kills the marlin neither for money nor for food but simply for pride. He wishes that the big fish were like the moon, the stars and the sun that no man can kill. -

Correct Answer: C. Which goods and services to be produced

Correct Answer: D. wept fasted and prayed for days

Correct Answer: C. love and pray for their enemies

Explanation

The six factors that led to the growth of nationalism in Nigeria before 1945 are:

(i)The formation of political parties e.g. Nigeria National Democratic Party (NNDP) in 1923, Nigerian Youth Movement in 1934 and N.C.N.C. in 1944.

(ii) The establishment of local press and newspapers contributed to the spread of nationalists movement in Nigeria e.g. West African Pilot, Daily News, Daily Times. The Comet, etc.

(iii) The formation of the West African Students' Union (WASU) in 1925.

(iv) The formation of youth movements helped the growth and spread of nationalism in Nigeria e.g. LYM.

(v) The National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA) was founded in 1919 and was led by Joseph Casely Hayford. It was established for the purpose of redressing the evils of the Crown Colony system.

(vi) The Atlantic Charter of 1941 which emphasized the right of people to self determination.

(vii) Racial discrimination against Nigerians by the colonialists e.g. European Club, European hospitals, etc.

(viii) The colonial policy of indirect rule excluded the educated elite from governance.

(ix) influence of Western Education on the people of Nigeria.

(x) Activities of the Trade Unions e.g. Nigeria civil service union 1921, NUT 1931, etc.

(xi) Rise of urban centres.

(xii) Appointment and deposition of chiefs by the colonial masters.