Correct Answer: D. 4

Correct Answer: C. multiprogramming

Correct Answer: A. civil society

Explanation

a) Ionization potential V is the potential energy required to remove an electron from an atom completely to infinity from ground state.

(b)(i) The three types of emission are

- band spectrum

- continuous spectrum and

- line spectrum.

(ii) Sources of each emmision spectrum are:

- Band spectrum

- from molecules or carbon(IV) oxides in a discharge tube.

- Continuous spectrum

- from sun, solids and liquids.

- Line spectrum

- from atoms in gases such as hydrogen or neon in a discharge tube.

(c)(i) eV =\(\frac{1}{2} mV^2\)

v = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 \times 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 80 \times 10^3}{9.1 \times 10^{-31}}}\)

= \(\sqrt{2.81 \times 10^{16}}\)

= 1.68 x 10\(^8 ms^{-1}\)

(ii) \(\pi = \frac{h}{mv} = \frac{6.6 \times 10^{-31}}{9.1 \times 10^{-31} \times 1.68 \times 10^8}\)

= 4.32 x 10\(^{-12}\)m

(d) hf = \(\frac{1}{2}mv^2\)

6.6 x 10\(^{-34} \times 4.5 \times 10^{18}\)

= \(\frac{1}{2} \times 9.1 \times 10^{-31} \times v^2\)

\(v^2 = \frac{2.97 \times 10^{-15}}{4.55 \times 10^{-3}}\)

\(v^2 = \sqrt{6.53 \times 10^{15}}\)

= 8.08 x 10\(^7 ms^{-1}\)

Explanation

a.

• The products should have price/price tag
• The products should be well packaged to protect and promote them
• The product should meet government stipulated standard
• The size, weight and durability of the product qualify it to be merchandized at a retail outlet
• The products should be well labeled to provide the necessary information to potential buyers

b.

• She would assist in planning the company's sales budget
• She would company's sales budget
• She would help in the attractive display of products at the retail store to increase sales
• She would plan product layout to encourage impulse buying at the retail store
• She would ensure that there would be no loss of sales through proper inventory management.
• She would between the company customers
• She would sell the assist in planning the serve as an intermediary and company's product

Correct Answer: C. The police and the courts

Explanation

(a)Definition of soil erosion: This is the wearing away of soil by means of natural agents such as water, ice/ glacier, and wind.

(b) Factors that influence nutrient availability in the soil:

Soil pH, Concentration of other nutrients, Leaching, Crop removal/overgrazing, Oxidation and Reduction, Burning, Erosion, Soil moisture content, Level of organic matter/microorganisms in the soil

(c) Explanation of roles of factors of soil formation (i)Climate

- Abrassive action of rock particles blown by wind

- Rain may be severe enough to cause erosion

- Rain water causes chemical change of rock minerals' aids chemical weathering

- Temperature causes the expansion and contraction of rocks alternately leading to minerals with low expansitivity breaking away to form soil.

(ii) Living organisms

- Soil organisms like termites, earthworms eat deep into the soil and mix the mineral and organic matter together resulting in the formation of soil

- Activities of man during farming operation help to break rocks into tiny particles to form soil

- Roots of plants grow into openings in the rocks, physically forcing the rocks apart into smaller particles,

- Human activities can also cause erosion which result both in soil destruction and formation.

- Living organisms produce carbon dioxide which forms carbonic acid with water and enhances rock weathering,

(iii) Topography

-The shape of the land influences the movement and amount of water in the soil

- Hilly and slopy surfaces support erosion and encourage soil formation

- A flat and exposes the whole surface to equal environmental factors and therefor delays soil formation

- The topography of the land affects the distribution 0,i, plants and animals which influence the process of 01 formation

- More soil formation in the valleys than at the top of the hills

(d) Problems associated with overhead irrigation -

Wind distorts sprinkler patterns and causes uneven distribution of water

- The spray force can damage ripening soft fruits.

- A stable water supply is required for economic use of the equipment

- The water must be clean and free of sand, debris and large amounts of dissolved salts

- The initial investment is usually high

- Power requirements for pumping water is high

- Requires technical know-how

- Can spread diseases

- Lateral pipes hinder movement of farm machines

- High cost of maintenance/repairs/spare parts not readily available.

Correct Answer: A. Sennar Dam

Explanation

(a)(i) Heat of combustion is the heat evolved when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen

(ii) The name given is calorimeter.

(ii) C + O\(_2\) -> CO\(_2\); H = —3935KJ\(^{-1}\).

Mole of carbon =12g of carbon will evolve — 3935 KJ

:. 60g of C will evolve — \(\frac{3935 \times 60}{12}\)

Heat change = -19675 KJ

(iii) Neutralization reaction can be represented generally as H\(_2\)O\(^+\) + OH\(^-\) —> 2H\(_2\)O. Strong acids and strong bases lame completely in water to furnish H\(_3\)O\(^{+}\) and OH\(^{-}\) respective Thus in all cases, one mole of H\(_3\)O\(^{+}\) of a strong acid completely es one mole of OH\(^-\) of a strong base. Therefore the enthalpy of neutralization is constant.

(c)(i) Both rusting and combustion involve combination with oxygen to produce the oxide. Both reactants are exothermic. Rusting takes a longer period of time than combustion.

(ii) iron filings possess greater net surface area and reaction rate increases with increased surface area.

(iii) Zinc is more reactive which is more reactive than tin. Consequently, when tin - plated iron is exposed, the iron goes into solution and rusts but in the case of galvanized iron, it is the zinc that dissolves thus protecting the iron better.

Explanation

(a)The equilibrium of a consumer is a situation in which his satisfaction or utility from spending his income on various goods and services is maximized

(b)Alternative 1 In this approach, It is assumed that utility or satisfaction is measured in terms of money

In this case the consumer buys as much of a commodity as would make its price exactly equal to his estimate of the money value of the marginal utility of the commodity

In symbols, MUX = Px. This is the equilibrium condition.

ORAlternative 2 In this approach, it is assumed that utility is measured in units of utility called utils In this case, the consumer arranges his consumption in such a way that the marginal utilities of the commodities are proportional to their prices.

In symbols,

\(\frac{MUx}{MUy}\) = \(\frac{Px}{Py}\) This is the equilibrium condition

ORAlternative 3 In this approach also it is assumed that utility is measured In utils. In this case, the consumer arranges his purchases in such a way that the marginal utility per unit of money spent on acommodity is the same for all commodities purchased

In symbols,

\(\frac{MUx}{Px}\) = \(\frac{MUy}{Py}\) This is the equilibrium condition

Alternative 4 Again utility is measured in utils. In this approach a consumer arranges his purchases in such a way that for each commodity the marginal utility equals the utility of the price. In symbols,

MUX= λPx.

In addition, whatever approach is used,candidates must go on to show:

(i) What happens when the equilibrium condition is no longer satisfied because price rises or falls.

(ii) How equilibrium can be attained finally For example, in alternative 1, if the price of x, Px falls, the equilibrium condition would no longer be satisfied Marginal utility of x, MUx, would be greater than the Px i.e MUx > Px. To establish an equilibrium, MUx must fall to the same level as Px.

This happens when the consumer buys more of X. On the other hand, if the Px nses, again the equilibrium condition would not be satisfied MUx < Px. To attain an equilibrium, the consumer would buy less of x to raise the MUx to the same level as Px.

(a)The equilibrium of a consumer is a situation in which his satisfaction or utility from spending his income on various goods and services is maximized

(b)Alternative 1 In this approach, It is assumed that utility or satisfaction is measured in terms of money

In this case the consumer buys as much of a commodity as would make its price exactly equal to his estimate of the money value of the marginal utility of the commodity

In symbols, MUX = Px. This is the equilibrium condition.

ORAlternative 2 In this approach, it is assumed that utility is measured in units of utility called utils In this case, the consumer arranges his consumption in such a way that the marginal utilities of the commodities are proportional to their prices.

In symbols,

\(\frac{MUx}{MUy}\) = \(\frac{Px}{Py}\) This is the equilibrium condition

ORAlternative 3 In this approach also it is assumed that utility is measured In utils. In this case, the consumer arranges his purchases in such a way that the marginal utility per unit of money spent on acommodity is the same for all commodities purchased

In symbols,

\(\frac{MUx}{Px}\) = \(\frac{MUy}{Py}\) This is the equilibrium condition

Alternative 4 Again utility is measured in utils. In this approach a consumer arranges his purchases in such a way that for each commodity the marginal utility equals the utility of the price. In symbols,

MUX= λPx.

In addition, whatever approach is used,candidates must go on to show:

(i) What happens when the equilibrium condition is no longer satisfied because price rises or falls.

(ii) How equilibrium can be attained finally For example, in alternative 1, if the price of x, Px falls, the equilibrium condition would no longer be satisfied Marginal utility of x, MUx, would be greater than the Px i.e MUx > Px. To establish an equilibrium, MUx must fall to the same level as Px.

This happens when the consumer buys more of X. On the other hand, if the Px nses, again the equilibrium condition would not be satisfied MUx < Px. To attain an equilibrium, the consumer would buy less of x to raise the MUx to the same level as Px.