Correct Answer: B. Manasseh

Explanation

(a) Aims of ECOWAS are:

(i) Making member countries co-operate in the fields of industry, agriculture, science, commerce, etc.

(ii) Maintaining economic stability in the region.

(iii) Fostering spirit of friendliness among member states.

(iv) Removing some international trade barriers such as customs duties, etc.

(v) Abolishing obstacles to free entry and exit of persons and goods among member states.

(vi) Promoting common projects in the areas of research and agro-industrial enterprises.

(vii) Harmonising member countries' monetary policies.

(viii) Having a unifying military and political body to keep peace in the region.

(b) Aims of International Monetary Fund (IMF) are:

(i) Establishment exchange rates.

(ii) Reducing exchange controls on payments for current transactions.

(iii) Making foreign currency or gold available to any member country to enable it finance a temporary deficit on the current account of its balance of payment.

(iv) To facilitate settlement of indebtedness.

(v) To Recommendation of economic policies to member countries, e.g. SAP

(vi) To give expert advice; provision of personnel or consultancy services to member states.

Explanation

(a)(i) Define the term standard electrode potential: It is the measure of the tendency of an element to form ions in solution relative-to the tendency of hydrogen atoms to form ions in solution at standard condition/ the potential difference that exists between an electrode and the hydrogen electrode under standard conditions (of I moldm\(^{-3}\) concentration at 298k and 1 atm).

(ii) State three factors that affect the discharge of ions during electrolysis: (1) Position of ions in the electrochemical series/standard electrode potential value. (2) Nature or reactivity of electrode used. (3) (relative) concentration of ions.

(iii) State two functions of a salt. bridge in an electrochemical cell: (1) Allows electrical contact between two solutions/complete the electric circuit (2) Maintains electrical neutrality in each half cell/allows ions flow in and out of salt bridge.

(b)(i) Describe briefly what happens when a solution of copper(II) tetraoxosulpahte(VI) is electrolysed using copper electrodes:

CuSO\(_4\) \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu\(^{2+}\) + SO\(_4^{2-}\); Cu\(^{2+}\) discharged/Cu metal deposited/Cu cathode increases in mass.

H\(_2\)O \(\rightleftharpoons\) H\(+\) + OH\(-\) Copper anode dissolves/ionizes/decreases in size to give Cu\(^{2+}\) ions.

Solution remains blue/concentration of Cu\(^{2+}\) ions is constant.

(c) Calculate the mass of copper(II)tetraoxosulphate(V1) for 35 minutes using copper electrodes:. [H=1, O=16, S=32, Cu=64, IF=96,500]

Cu\(^{2+}\) + 2e ---> Cu

Q = It = 0.2 x 35 x 60 = 420C

2F = 2e = 1mole \(\frac{Cu}{2}\) x 96500C = 64g

420C = \(\frac{420}{ 2 x 96500}\) x 64gCu

= 0.14gCu.

(d)(i) State three characteristics of catalyst: (1) Remains unchanged in chemical nature and mass. (2) Does not affect the types of product formed. (3) Alters (increase or decrease) the rate of chemical reaction. (4) They are reactions specific. (5) Cannot initiate a reaction that is not feasible. (6) Has no effect on the equilibrium of a reversible reaction. (7) Required in small quantity.

(ii) Name one manufacturing process in which each of the following metals is used as a catalyst:

I. Iron – used in Haber process.

II. Nickel – hydrogenation of vegetable oil/alkenes.

III. Platinum – used in preparation of hydrogen iodido from hydrogen and iodine/contact process for H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) production/manufacture of HNO\(_3\) used in Hydrogenation.

Correct Answer: B. entrepot trade

Correct Answer: D. communication networks

Correct Answer: C. Never

Correct Answer: A. 300m - 400m

Correct Answer: C. boat

Correct Answer: C. Britain and Israel

Correct Answer: B. use of parasites and predators