Explanation

(a) Meaning of soil consistency

Soil consistency is the resistance of soil to pressure and other physical manipulation

(b) Explanation on how soil properties influence crop growth

(i) Soil texture

-Determines water holding capacity of soils

-Influences air movement in the soil

- Affects root penetration

-Affects soil workability

-Has direct effect on soil drainage/infiltration

-Affects the retention of plant nutrients

(ii) Soil PH

-Generally, extreme pH values affect the activities of soil micro-organisms

-Affects the availability of plant nutrients

- Affects the solubility of certain elements which may be toxic to crops at high concentration

-Crops perform poorly outside their required pH range

-Controls cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.) of the soil

(c)(i) Methods by which soil fertility could be maintained

-Fallowing (as in land rotation)

-Alley cropping

-Crop rotation

-Mixed cropping

-Mixed farming

-Cover cropping

-Application of organic/inorganic fertilizers

- Liming

(ii) Ways in which each of the methods contributes to the maintenance of soil fertility

-Fallowing (as in land rotation)

-Deep rooted plants extract leached nutrients which will eventually be returned to the top soil

-Dead plants decompose and add humus to the soil

-Activities of soil micro and macro-organisms add organic matter to the soil under the fallow system

- Dead plants add nutrients to the soil

Alley cropping

- Through nitrogen fixation by the leguminous plants

- Litter from the trees decompose and add humus to the soil

- Litter from trees decompose to release nutrients to soil

-Litter acts as mulch to control erosion

Crop Rotation

-Crops that feed deep in the soil extract plant nutrients from below leaving nutrients in the upper layer for the surface feeders to us

-Legumes incorporated in the rotation can replenish the land

- Constant vegetation cover checks soil erosion

Liming

- Addition of lime provides basic cations e.g. Calcium and Magnesium

- Liming raises soil pH making nutrients like phosphorus more available

- Liming increases the cation exchange capacity of soils

Mixed cropping

- If leguminous plants are included, nitrogen will be added to the so and this improves soil fertility

- Crops with different rooting systems will extract nutrients from different depths of soil

Mixed farming

- Animal droppings add nutrients to the soil

- Animal droppings increase the cation exchange capacity of the soil

- The microbes in the droppings assist in the decomposition of plant remains falling on the soil

Cover crops

-Protects the soil against erosion

- Fixes atmospheric nitrogen into the soil when leguminous crops are used

-Dead leaves of plants are decomposed to increase soil fertility

-Creates conducive environment for increased microbial activities

Application of organic? inorganic fertilizers

- Increases cation exchange capacity of the soil when organic manure is applied

-Adds nutrients to the soil

-Raises soil pH when lime is applied

-Lowers the soil pH when acidulants are added e.g. pyrite. gypsum

Explanation

a. the diagram above solution to question a.

bi. Using the sine rule

\(\frac{sinP}{XY} = \frac{sinY}{PX}\)

= \(\frac{sin93°}{180} = \frac{sinY}{60}\)

cross multiply

\(sinY\times180 = sin93°\times60\)

sinY = 0.3329

Y = \(sin^{-1}0.3329\)

Y = 19.44°

the angle between 30° and 19.44° at Y = 30° - 19.44° = 10.56°

Therefore, the bearing X from Y = 360° - 10.56° = 349°( to 3 sig. figure)

bii. Using cosine rule

Let a = |PY|, b = |PX| and c = |XY|

\(a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bcCos A\) where A = 67.56°

\(a^2 = 60^2 + 180^2 - 2(60)(180)cos 67.56^0\)

\(a2 = 3600 + 32400 - 8245.06\)

\(a^2 = 27754.94^0\)

a = \(\sqrt{27754.94}\)

a = 166.6 m

∴ |PY| = 167 m (to 3 s.f)

Correct Answer: A. labour force

Correct Answer: C. Roderigo

Correct Answer: D. avoiding stating my opinion

Correct Answer: A. 3 p.m

Correct Answer: C. i = 80k, ii = N4.80k

Explanation

Here's how to solve the problem:

1. Identify the Cost Price (CP): The boy buys the biscuit for N4, so the cost price is N4.

2. Identify the Profit Percentage: He sells it at a profit of 20%.

3. Calculate the Profit Amount:

Profit = Profit Percentage × Cost Price

Profit = 20% of N4

Profit = (20/100) × 4

Profit = (1/5) × 4

Profit = 4/5

Profit = N0.80

In kobo, N0.80 is 80 kobo (since N1 = 100 kobo).

4. Calculate the Selling Price (SP):

Selling Price = Cost Price + Profit

Selling Price = N4 + N0.80

Selling Price = N4.80

In kobo, N4.80 is 480 kobo.

5. Interpret the question and options:

The question asks for the actual price and the selling price?. Usually, actual price refers to the cost price (N4). However, looking at the options, the first value ('i') is consistently a smaller amount (like 80k, 60k, etc.), while the second value ('ii') is the selling price. This suggests that 'i' is asking for the profit amount. The 'k' in the options likely refers to kobo (where 100 kobo = N1), or it's a typo and should be interpreted as N.

Let's assume 'i' is the profit amount and 'ii' is the selling price, and 'k' signifies kobo.

Our calculated profit amount is N0.80 (or 80 kobo).

Our calculated selling price is N4.80 (or 480 kobo).

Comparing with the options:

A. i = N1.00k, ii = N5.00k (Profit N1.00, SP N5.00) - Incorrect

B. i = 60k, ii = N4.40k (Profit N0.60, SP N4.40) - Incorrect

C. i = 80k, ii = N4.80k (Profit N0.80, SP N4.80) - Correct

D. i = 50k, ii = N4.50k (Profit N0.50, SP N4.50) - Incorrect

The final answer is C

Correct Answer: C. rosette

Correct Answer: D. the responsibility of state's bureaucrats

Correct Answer: C. Lactic acid