Explanation

(i). Centralisation of authority and Hierarchy in governance; The Emir was the head of government. He was assisted by appointed chiefs. E.g. Madawaki, Galadima, Waziri.

(ii).Payment of tributes to sustain administration: There were rates paid by the people for land, property and cattle.

(iii).The size of the Emirate system was large: The emirate occupied a large expanse of land with many populations.

(iv).Stratification: The Hausa/ Fulani society was segmented into upper, middle and lower classes, and the Talakawas.

(v). Army: Every emirate kept a standing army under the control of Madawaki.

(vi). The judiciary: The emirate judicial system was based on the sharia laws headed by Alkali and the Emir's court was the highest court.

(vii). Rulership was for life.

(viii). Succession to the throne was hereditary.

(ix). The political system was based on theocracy e.g. Islamic religion.

(x). Emirs were empowered to make laws where Islamic laws were silent.

(xi) Emirs were empowered to pronounce death sentence on defaulters.

(xii). There was regularised system of taxation in operation.

(xiii). Executive, Legislative and Judicial powers were concentrated on the Emir.

Correct Answer: C)

1.30 \(\times\) 10\(^{-7}\) mol\(^2\)dm\(^{-6}\)

Explanation

AgCl is the chemical formula for silver chloride, which is a sparingly soluble salt in water. A saturated solution of AgCl means that the maximum amount of AgCl has been dissolved in the water. The concentration of the saturated solution is given as 1.30 \(\times\) 10\(^{-5}\) moldm\(^{-3}\). The solubility product (K\(_{sp}\)) of AgCl is a measure of the extent to which the salt dissociates in water. It is defined as the product of the concentrations of the ions formed when the salt dissolves. For AgCl, the dissolution equation is AgCl(s) \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag\(^+\)(aq) + Cl\(^-\)(aq), and its K\(_{sp}\) is given by the expression [Ag\(^+\)] [Cl\(^-\)]. To find the solubility product of AgCl, we need to determine the concentration of the ions in the saturated solution. Since AgCl is a sparingly soluble salt, we can assume that almost all of the AgCl remains undissolved and the concentrations of Ag\(^+\) and Cl\(^-\) are equal to each other and to the concentration of AgCl. Therefore, the concentration of each ion is 1.30 \(\times\) 10\(^{-5}\) moldm\(^{-3}\). Substituting the concentrations of the ions in the expression for K\(_{sp}\) gives [Ag\(^+\)] [Cl\(^-\)] = (1.30 \(\times\) 10\(^{-5}\) moldm\(^{-3}\))\(^2\) = 1.69 \(\times\) 10\(^{-10}\) mol\(^2\)dm\(^{-6}\). Therefore, the correct option is C: 1.30 \(\times\) 10\(^{-7}\) mol\(^2\)dm\(^{-6}\), which is the value of K\(_{sp}\) for AgCl. To recap, the solubility product of AgCl is the product of the concentrations of the ions formed when the salt dissolves. We can determine the solubility product of AgCl from the concentration of a saturated solution of AgCl, which is 1.30 \(\times\) 10\(^{-5}\) moldm\(^{-3}\). Substituting this value into the expression for K\(_{sp}\) gives the correct answer, which is C: 1.30 \(\times\) 10\(^{-7}\) mol\(^2\)dm\(^{-6}\).

Correct Answer: C. 108°

Explanation

(a) Explanation:

(I)Putrefaction: A process by which agents of decay/saprophytic/putrefying bacteria/fungi; decompose/breakdown; dead organic remains/waste products of other organisms; into ammonium compounds/nitrates.

(ii)Nitrogen fixation:The process by which free atmospheric nitrogen; is converted to nitrate in the soil; by thunder storm/bacteria in root noddles of legumes/soil.

(iii)Nitrification: The conversion of ammonia/ammonium compounds; to nitrites; then to nitrates; by denitrifying bacteria.

(iv)Denitrification: This is the conversion of nitrates; in the soil to atmospheric nitrogen; by nitrifying bacteria/ fungi.

(b)Differences between Nitrogen fixation and Denitrification

(c) How Nitrogen from Urine gets to the roots of plants: -

• When a person passes urine in the soil
• Ammonium compound/urea present in urine; is converted into nitrite
• by nitrifying bacteria/nitroso monas
• The nitrites are oxidized to nitrates
• by other nitrifying bacteria /nitrobacter
• Roots of plants absorb the nitrates.

Correct Answer: A. reduce the friction caused by the pumping movements of the heart

Correct Answer: B. low freezing point

Correct Answer: B. renovate

Explanation

Renovate; restore (something old, especially a building) to a good state of repair.

Correct Answer: A. lron

Explanation

The people of Zip'h revealed where David was hiding to Saul. Saul then gathered three thousand men and went after David in order eliminate him. David was told of the plot and he (David) sent spies to find out how they had prepared. David took Abishai with him and went to the army. No one saw them as they moved to where Saul was lying. David met Saul and his aides fast asleep at night. Abishai requested that he should be allowed to pin him to the ground but, David rejected Abishars request on the ground that Saul was God's anointed. Instead, David ordered Abishai to take the spear and the jar of water from Saul's head. This was done and they went away. When they had got to a vantage position, within hearing distance, David called upon Abner, rebuking him for his laxity in taking care of Saul. David asked of the whereabouts of Saul's spear and jar of water. Saul recognised David's voice and David asked why Saul should come out to seek after his life without any cause. Saul felt ashamed, although full of appreciation and gratitude to David for sparing his life. Saul then vowed that he would not harm David any more and David returned Saul's spear and his jar of water. Saul equally prayed that God would reward David for his righteousness and faithfulness.

Three lessons that can be learnt from the episode are:

(i) We can learn that it was kind of David to spare the life of God's anointed. This showed that David respected God.

(ii) The story showed us that David's faith in God was not shaken and that he submitted to the will of God at all times.

(iii) Saul's repentance about his past misdeed and his resolution not to relapse into sin again must be commended.

Correct Answer: A. possess valves at internals throughout their length