Explanation

(a) (i)Competition;is the process by which living organisms in a habitat struggle/compete with one another for limited essential needs such as food/light/nutrients/mates/shelter/space in the environment.

(b)(i) Inter-species competition exists between individuals of different species, e.g. Iroko tree and terminalia in a forest competing for light and competition for grazing land between a herd of cattle and a herd of antelopes on a grazing land.

(ii) Infra - species competitionis the competition between individuals of the same species / kind, e.g. tomato seedlings in a nursery/ a population of laboratory rats in a cage.

(c)(i) The toad is structurally adapted to obtain food by:

(1) possessing special olfactory organ in the head for smelling/perceiving the odour of its food

(2) the ability to draw eyes in so that they make bulges in the roof of the mouth which helps to prevent their prey from escaping/ help in swallowing,

(3) the tongue being attached at the front of the mouth which can be rapidly extended to capture/trap prey

(4) the tongue being long and sticky to help hold the prey

(5) the tongue being long to help catch prey.

(ii) Special adaptation by toad for protection include:

(1)The skin is slimy with mucous gland which makes the animal difficult to catch by predators.

(2) Slimy fluid keeps the skin moist and prevents the skin from drying up.

(3) Toad has poison glands on the skin which is poisonous/ distasteful to the predators.

(4) Brownish colour/cryptic colouration helps to blend with the colour of the surrounding and this prevents them from being noticed by enemies/ predators (5) The colour can be altered to match the type of background.

(iii) special adaptation by toad for movement are:

(1) A toad has long hind limb with powerful muscles which enables it to hop/jump efficiently away from predators/ on land.

(2) The absence of tail facilitates hopping/jumping movement while webbed hind limb can be used as paddle for efficient swimming in water.

(3) The stout/short nature of fore limb absorbs shock on landing

Correct Answer: C) 1.34A

Correct Answer: C. Marine Insurance

Correct Answer: D. Sanballat and Tobiah

Correct Answer: C. acid test ratio

Correct Answer: C. plough

Correct Answer: A. capitalism

Correct Answer: C. unconscious

Explanation

The sentence describes the consequence of being knocked on the head and falling to the ground. We need a word that indicates the state of the person after such an event.

Let's look at the options:

• A. collapsed: Collapsed means to fall down suddenly, usually due to weakness or lack of support. While he did fall, collapsed doesn't directly describe his *state of awareness*. He could collapse and still be conscious.

• B. fainted: Fainted means to lose consciousness for a short time. This is a verb. If we used it, the sentence might be he fainted and fell to the ground or he fell to the ground, having fainted. Fell to the ground fainted is grammatically awkward.

• C. unconscious: Unconscious means not awake and not aware of one's surroundings. This is an adjective that perfectly describes the state of someone after being hit on the head and falling. The phrase fell to the ground unconscious is very common and grammatically correct, indicating his state immediately after the fall.

• D. conscious: Conscious means awake and aware. This is the opposite of what would typically happen after being knocked on the head severely enough to fall to the ground.

Given the options and the sentence structure, unconscious is the best fit as it describes the resulting state of awareness directly and grammatically.

The completed sentence would be: When he was knocked on the head, he fell to the ground unconscious.

The final answer is C

Explanation

(ai) Characteristic features of Conurbation are:

- it is an urban settlement

- two or more large cities/towns merge to form Conurbation

- the big cities are merged together by rapid population growth and physical

expansion but with different identities

- the cities retain their distinct identities

- the big cities are linked by efficient transportation system/network

- the big cities form one large market for industries, trade and transport

- it is a continuous built-up area

- has a high population density

- Its population is much greater than that of the nearby towns

- it has various industries operating in it

- It relies on the reserves of labour, excellent transport, Medicare, etc

- conurbation serves as a shopping centre due to the cheap and excellent transport facilities

- it has a unique financial strength

- Examples: Lagos, Accra, Ruhr Valley, Serreaunda, Monrovia, Tokyo, etc

(aii) Characteristic features of Megapolis are:

- it is also called megalopolis/mega city/supper city

- the highest category of settlement

- has large territories consisting of great conurbations

- it is highly urbanized region

- a very large city with population of more than 10 million inhabitants

- an urban complex

- linked with communication/transport networks

- continuous built-up area

- Examples: North East USA, New Delhi, Cairo, Lagos, etc

(b)

Most settlements now are multi-functional. This means they perform a range of functions. However, some may be more important than others. For instance, a tourist town such as Whitby, will perform all sorts of functions including fishing and retail, but its main ones are concentrated towards the tourists.

When settlements first formed they often had one main function. These functions included:

• port – This was the original function of settlements such as Liverpool and Hull. Both are still ports but the importance of the port has reduced and they are now multifunctional settlements.
• market town – Originally, Watford was a market town. The market continues today but the area is now a multifunctional centre.
• resort – Coastal locations such as Blackpool, Southport and Scarborough benefit from tourism, their main function is as a coastal resort.
• Natural resources in the area led to Sheffield developing as an important centre for iron and steel production. Although the iron and steel industry has declined over time the city is now multifunctional.

Correct Answer: A. Wheat

Explanation

Phalaris minor is a crop associated with wheat. Choice A is correct.